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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WESY  MA.        '«EET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  I'.SSO 

(716)  873-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  institute  for  Historicai  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiquas 


i 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 

D 
D 

□ 
n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

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Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

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mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


L'Inbtitut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
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0    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolor^es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu( 


piqu^es 


□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


/|    Showthrough/ 
'    Transparence 


D 
D 
D 


V 


Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  U\m6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 

7 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


e 

Stalls 
s  du 
lodifier 
r  une 
Image 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Entomology  Research  Library 
Agriculture  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
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Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
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the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'axemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g6n6rositd  de: 

Bibliothdque  de  recherche  entomologique 
Agriculture  Canada 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  do  I'exemplaire  filmii,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  dr* 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film^s  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  ia 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  carves,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supiirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


irrata 
to 


pelure, 
n  d 


n 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

'J'HE 


lUTTKKFLIKS  OF  XOHTIl   AMKRICA: 


WILLIAM    H.  EDWAlfDS. 

MEMHER  OF  Tin:  MiiEnii:ix  r.ST()V(.i.()(!ir.\i.  snriF.TY 


PIIlLADKLIMllA: 
THE   AMERICAN   ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETY. 

I,si;s_i,s72. 

TKXT     ItKI'ltIM  I.I) 

BOSTON:   IIOUGIITOX,  OSdOOI)    AM)    COMPANY. 

1H7II. 


Entomological  Branch 

DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICUL  i  URE 
OTTAWA  -   -  CANADA 


There  be  Infects  wiili  Hille  lioines    proakinj,'  out  before  their  eyes,  but  weake  and  tender 
they  be,  and  good  for  nothing;   as  the  liutterliies.  — /'////r  ,■  J'hil.  Holhiiid's  'J'nnis. 


Many   Infects  there  he  that  l)reed  after 
upon    the    Radilb    leafe.      From  it  arifelh  a  liltl 


lotiier  fort  ;  and  principally  of  dew,  which  fetleth 
e  grub,  and  lo  in  process    and  tiact  of  time  it 


growcth  l)igger  and  gathereth  an  hard  hufke  about  iier.      This    is   c\lled    Chrylalis 
fome  time,  when  the  hiilke  is  broken,  he  proveth  a  faire  Hying  Dutterlhe. — JluJ. 


and 


ifler 


-i^7 


PREFACE. 


On  completing  tho  present  Volume,  I  have  little  to  add,  by  way  of  Preface,  to 
the  Advertisement  that  accom[)anied  the  first  Part.  I  have  endeavored  to  make 
the  work  in  some  degree  worthy  the  beautiful  forms  it  represents,  and  to  this  end 
have  been  fortunate  in  the  eo-operation  of  an  accurate  artist  and  careful  colorists. 
To  Mr.  E.  T.  Cresson,  the  late  Corresponding  Secretary  of  tiie  .Vmerican  Entomo- 
logical Society,  I  am  under  obligation  for  his  constant  supervision  in  all  depart- 
ments, and  in  the  printing  and  pnblishing  especially.  From  many  li-pidopterists 
whose  names  will  be  found  mentioned,  I  have  received  kindly  aid  and  generous 
use  of  si)ecimen3. 

It  has  been  a  delight  to  make  known  the  charming  loiterers  of  our  mountains 
and  forests  and  lields,  the  study  of  whose  ways  has  long  been  to  me  a  recreation 
and  a  constant  pleasure  such  as  naturalists  oidy  can  appreciate  and  perhajis  com- 
prehend. Works  of  this  class,  if  faithfully  executed,  cannot  be  remunerative  in  a 
pecuniary  sense,  and  the  ^irejiaration  of  them  must  be  strictly  a  labor  of  lovi".  For 
this  reason,  it  has  been  the  more  gratifying  to  have  received  from  my  subscribers 
•frequent  assurances  of  satisfaction  as  the  several  Parts  have  ajipeared,  and  expres- 
sions of  approval  and  encouragement  from  entomologists  and  naturalists  whose  es- 
timation I  highly  value.  This  has  chiefly  determined  me  to  continue  publication, 
which  I  am  the  more  willing  to  do,  as  many  long  kr.own  S2)ecies  of  our  but- 
terflies still  remain  unfigured  and  the  number  of  new  ones  increases  with  surprising 
rapidity.  Nearly  one  hundred  have  been  brought  to  notice  during  the  past 
twelve  months,  a  large  part  of  which  are  the  results  (>f  one  season's  intelligent  col- 
lecting in  Colorado,  by  Mr.  Mead,  and  the  total  number  catalogued  in  the  Synopsis 
now  excee<ls  five  hundred.  It  is  useless  for  illustration  to  attempt  to  keep  pace 
with  discovery  in  these  circumstances,  and  in  such  a  world  as  this  continent  af- 
fords, but  some  effort  should  be  made  lest  the  very  wealth  of  species  prove  a 
hindrance  to  the  study  of  this  branch  of  natural  history,  for  notliing  is  more  per- 
plexing and  discouraging  to  the  beginner  than  dry,  unillustrated  descriptions.  I 
hope  therefore  tv^  commence  Volume  II  in  course  of  the  next  few  months. 

W.  II.  EDWAPvDS. 
Coalburgh,  on  the  Kanawha  River,  West  Virginia,  June  1,  1872. 


A  i)V  Kirn  si:  mi:  NT. 


Sl\<i:  llic  |iiilili('iilinii  (if  I'xiisdnviil  mid  I-((  "niilc's  Lciiidoptcrcs  dc  rAiiK'riinic 
S('|itfiitri()niilc,  is:;:;,  in  wlucli  tlic  L-n'iitcr  iiiiiidicr  nf  lliiltcrllirs  ot'  tlir  I'liitt'd 
Sfiltcs  were  <|(scril)cd  iilld  (imiivd.  iiKist  Iv  rnilll  llic  |)lii((S  of  Altlint,  tlicrc  li;i\c  licrii 
lidded  t(i  uiir  tiiiiiiii,  ;ind  to  niir  knowledge,  |iiirtly  iVoiii  tiic  ciiliirnciiiciit  of  the 
States  and  partly  froiii  tlie  (.liservatioiis  of  later  naturalists,  almost  ort|iiite  as  maiiy 
as  were  then  known.  California  and  the  I'aciiie  slope  and  the  Hoeky  .Mountains 
have  proved  exceed in,i;ly  rich  in  species.  'I'he  same  is  true  of  Texas  and  of  the 
iiorlhern  parts  of  the  continent.  And,  wherever  a  lepidopterist  has  carefully 
collected  in  the  oM  States,  and  in  localities  supposed  to  have  heen  thorou.<rhly 
worked,  new  species,  many  of  I  hem  conspicuous  for  si/e  and  heautv,  have  Keen 
discovered. 

Many  Californian  speciis  wei-e  (hscrihed  Ity  Dr,  P.oisduval.  in  the  Ann.  Soc. 
Knt.  de  France,  none  of  which  h.ave  heen  lif;iired,  except  two  or  three  in  Doulile- 
day's  (tenera.  Kirhy  descrihed  and  (iirured  a  few  of  the  Northern  sjiecies  in  his 
Fauna  I'.oreali  Amer.  in  1S:;7,  and  many  descriptions,  witli  occasionally  a  plate, 
are  scattered  throuuh  scientilic  journals  and  Proceedintrs  of  Societies. 

.Nearly  all  the  early  descriptions  are  defective  in  certainty,  hein<f  too  hrief,  or 
too  cai'clessly  wi'itten,  to  enahle  us  to  identify  the  species,  often  applvini;  to  two  or 
more  as  well  as  diu',  and  often  heiuir  utterly  irrecojz;nisaIile.  Having;,  from  luv  iirst 
study  of  this  heautifnl  family,  felt  the  want  of  illustrations,  I  lonij  ai^-o  |.ropo,-ed  to 
myself  |<.  pni)lish  a  complele  work  on  the  IJutterflies  of  North  America,  when  I 
Hhonid  have  amassed  suflicient  material  aii.l  coulil  connuand  the  leisure  la'cessary 
to  such  an  end.  I  have  the  material,  hut  I  have  not  the  wished  for  leisure,  and  I 
am  compelle.l  at  pre>ent  to  forego  the  more  aud)itious  attempt.  Hut  to  carrv  out, 
even  to  a  moderate  de-ree,  my  cherished  <lesire,  as  well  as  to  enahle  our  lepidopte- 
ri.sts  to  keep  u])  somewhat  with  the  advance  of  the  study,  I  propose  now  to  puMisIi 
a  suflicient  number  of  new,  or  hitherto  unfigur"d  or  disputed,  spocies,  to  make  at 
least  u  moderate  volume,  leaving  it  for  the  future  to  deeidc  whethci-  I  will  continue 
beyond  that  limit.     One  number,  therefore,  containing  at  least  five  plates,  will  1 


)e 


T^ 


u 

issued  every  three  montlis.  Kifjiires  of  Ixitli  siirfnees  will  lie  fjiveii,  iiiul  (if  luitb 
sexes  wherever  possible.  The  pajijes  will  not  he  iiiiiiihered.  luit.  with  the  plates, 
will  he  so  iirraiiged  that  finally  the  spt-cies  of  oaeh  genus  can  lie  lirouffht  toj^ether. 
This  |)lan  admits  any  eidarjjeinent  of  the  volume  which,  whenevir  concluded,  will 
he  complete  in  itself. 

Hy  Xorth  .Vmerini  is  to  he  understood  all  that  part  of  the  foiitinent  north  of 
Mexico,  accordinj:  to  the  division  adopted  hy  tiie  Smithsonian   Institution. 

The  h'tter  press  will,  in  most  ea.scs,  necessarily  he  coidined  to  teclinical  (h-scrip- 
tioiis,  hut  whenever  it  is  possil)l(>,  .such  a  history  of  the  species  will  be  given  as  1 
huve  been  able  to  gather  from  my  own  observations  or  from  othi-rs. 

ft  is  a  matter  of  regret  that,  in  so  few  instances,  1  shall  Ik'  able  to  snv  any- 
thing  of  the  larvjr.  Even  among  our  old  and  common  species,  the  larva'  are  but 
little  more  known  than  in  the  days  of  Abbot:  seventy  years  ago.      His  observations 


seem  to  have  be< 
successors. 


n   mon 


■e  thorough   or  more  fortunate  than   those  of  any  of  h 


IS 


With  the  second  or  third  nun 
and  will  ])e  ccmcluded  within  the  vol 
Philauelpiilv,  March,  1^>G8, 


d)er  a  Synopsis  of  Species  will  he  c(munenced 


nine 


W.  11.  IvU WARDS. 


lotb 
t»s, 
icr. 
,vill 


1  ot 


ly- 
)iit 
)n8 
\m 


I  ff^/f;0:?^:r''iV;f  ({;"),, 


L'rswn  bv  Mary  Tearl 


AJAX,  VAK  WAi,8H.II..  1,  r^    6   3    9. 
■/■  litrydf     s  i.lir\sii/t.'i   a  \/ir  Abhrjtti  A 


'1'  SinL'ldU-3  alh  I'l.il^ 


IT 


^i 


Entomological  Branch 

DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULVURE 
OTTAWA    -       -    CANADA 


PAPILIO  1. 


PAPILIO  AJAX. 

Papilio  Ajax,  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  II,  p.  750.     Fab.  Sj?t.  Ent.  p.  455. 
Var.    Wa/sliii. 

Ajax.  IJois.  &  Lee.  tixt,  (not  platf)  p.  4;  ibid.  Spec.  Gen.  I,  p.  258. 

Miirifl/ii.i,  Tramer,  pi.  'JS. 
Sub-var.  Ahhotii. 

Ajax,  Abbot,  Ins.  Ga.  pi.  4. 

Ajax,  Folder,  Spue.  Lepid.  p.  !5. 
Var.  Tcldvwni'tlix,  Folder,  Zool.  Xovara   Exped.;  ibid,  Spec.  Lepid.  p.  15. 

4/''r.i ,  Godart,  Eiio.  Moth.  l.\,  p.  53.     Bois.  &  Loo.  pi.  1,  (not  text). 
Var.     JA»rff//i(,«,  Boisduval.     IJois.  &  Loo.  p.  8,  pi.  2;  ibid.  Spec.  Gen.  1,  p.  257.     Folder,  j*pec. 

Lo])id.  p.  15. 

Ajax,  Espcr,  Eur.  Schmctt.  1,  pi.  51.     Hiibnor,  Exot.  Sauirol.  Sohmott. 

AJAX.— Vai!.  WALSIIII. 

Primarip.s  broad,  but  little  ^n-oduced  apically  ;  costa  moderately  arclicd  ;  hind 
margin  in  male  concave,  in  female  convex;  tail  short,  narrow;  thorax  covered 
with  long  hairf4;  frontal  hairs  long  and  bristling. 

Male. — Expands  from  -.(i  to  2.8  inches. 

Upper  side  pale  black,  marked  and  banded  with  greenish-yellow ;  the  hind 
margin  broadly  edged  with  black  which  is  much  advanced  on  costa  of  primaries 
and  encloses  a  yellow  band,  divided  by  the  nervurcs  into  spots  that  jiosteriorly 
are  lunate ;  on  the  costa  a  yellow  spot  and  a  stri[)e  that  reaches  from  co.stal  edge 
to  inferior  corner  of  cell ;  jireceding  this  is  a  broad  common  yellow  band  that  termi- 
nates on  middle  of  secondaries  and  encloses  on  costal  margin  of  j)rimaries  a  variable 
black  strijjc,  bar  or  spot,  often  nearly  obsolete ;  next,  a  black  band  biiid  on  costa  and 
enclosing  tliere  a  yellow  stripe;  and  li  second  yellow  band,  narrow,  ti'rminating  at 
a  point  below  the  first;  ba.-^es  of  both  wings  and  abdominal  margin  of  secondaries 
black    on  primaries  a  yellow  streak  quite  at  ba.se. 

Secondaries  regularly  dentated,  the  excavations  fringed  with  pale  yellow; 
tails  of  moderate  length,  straight,  varying  in  width  in  individuals,  often  very 
narrow,  black,  ti])ped  only  with  pale  yellow  and  .^lightly  edged  with  same  color  at 
base  on  either  side;  along  hind  margin  four  whitish  lunules;  near  angle  two  luim- 
lar  clusters  of  blue  scales  on  the  black  ground,  above  the  hindmost  of  which  is  a 


^ 


PAPILIO    I. 

ileep  yellow  i)ateli  at  the  excavation  of  abdominal  margin;  over  this  is  a  hlaok  sub- 
ovate  spot  enclosing  a  blue  streak  or  lunule;  next  almvc  a  sinuous  crimson  bar, 
the  upper  edge  often  bordered  by  white;  the  disk  opposite  this  bar  irrorated  with 
line  yellow  scales. 

Under  side  much  the  same  in  markings,  t)i3  dark  portions  decidedly  brown, 
the  light  bands  greenish-yellow  more  or  less  tinted  with  bull';  within  the  marginal 
border,  anterior  to  the  macular  band  and  to  the  s])ots  on  secondaries,  is  a  reddish-grey 
stripe  separated  from  each  of  the  luiudes  by  a  black  bar  extending  across  the  in- 
terspace; the  limb  irrorated  with  yellow;  the  crimson  bar  as  above  but  always 
broadly  edged  with  white,  and  nearly  or  quite  connected  with  a  sinuous  crimson 
stripe  which  runs  through  the  middle  of  tins  black  band  to  the  costal  edge,  and  is 
also  edited  anteriorly  bv  white. 

Body  black,  the  thorax  above  covered  with  long  yellow-grey  hairs,  beneath 
black  quite  to  the  head;  a  narrow  yellow  stripe  j)asses  along  the  side  of  thorax  and 
a  yellow  line  starting  at  the  insertion  of  secondaries  passes  along  the  side  of  abdo- 
men to  la.st  segment;  palpi  black  with  yellow  hairs  interspersed;  front  of  head  fur- 
nisiied  with  long  bristling  black  hairs;  antenna)  reddish;  club  same  above,  reddish- 
brown  beneath. 

Fejialk. — Same  size  and  similar  in  color  and  markinsjs. 


Sub-variety  Annoxir. — Resembles  the  variety  just  described  except  that  on 
upper  side  of  secondaries  is  a  crimson  streak,  more  or  less  distinct,  nearly  parallel 
to  abdominal  margin. 

In  some  respects  Wd/a/iii  is  further  from  Tclanionides  than  the  latter  is  from 
Marcelhis.  Besides  the  differences  in  the  tail,  the  blackness  of  the  body  and  the 
bristling  front  are  cons2)ieuous.  More  than  lialf  the  individuals  met  with  are  of 
the  narrow  tailed  variety  represented  on  the  plate. 

The  egg  is  pale  green,  globular,  smooth,  .016  in  diameter.  Duration  of  this 
state  7  to  H  days.  The  larva,  on  emerging  from  the  egg,  is  black,  covered  with 
minute  papilla?  from  each  of  which  proceed  fine  hairs.  After  first  moult,  which 
takes  place  at  three  days,  it  is  ash  colored,  still  covered  Avith  the  papilla;.  These 
are  lost  at  the  second  moult,  after  four  <lays,  when  the  larva  assumes  the  general 
form  and  smooth  skin  which  it  shows  ist  maturity,  the  color  being  yellow-white, 
Avith  transverse  grey  stripes.  After  third  moult,  which  takes  place  in  six  to  eight 
(lavs,  the  color  is  smokv-brown,  each  segment  crossed  bv  four  lines  of  which  the 
anterior  is  yellow  and  the  rest  dull  white;  the  second,  third  and  fourth  segments 
without  yellow,  and  the  white  lines  nearly  crowded  out  by  the  expanding  of  the 
brown;  at  the  Junction  of  fourth  and  fifth  segments  is  a  velvety-black  band  pre- 
ceded by  a  white  on  the  fourth  and  followed  by  a  yellow  one  on  the  fifth.  At  the 
fourth  moult,  from  seven  to  ten  days,  the  color  becomes  darker,  quite  black  on  the 


PAPILIO    I. 


four  anterior  segments  and  dorsally  throughout,  crossed  by  a  pale  yellow  and  four 
grey  stripes.  This  phase  continues  to  maturity,  about  four  days.  Among  GO  larvjB 
of  Walshii  there  was  remarkable  uniformity,  and  especially  none  were  green,  nor 
was  there  a  ^race  of  the  blue  band  on  fourth  segment  which  replaces  the  white  one 
in  many  larvae  of  Telamonides  and  Marcellus.  Duration  of  larval  state  from  22  to 
29  days. 

Chrysalis  .8  to  .9  in  length,  greatest  diameter  .3;  cylindrical,  tapering  pos- 
teriorly from  middle  of  abdomen;  head  triangular,  terminated  by  two  short,  lateral 
sub-conic  points;  another  on  thorax,  triangular,  the  upper  edge  slightly  curved, 
beak-like;  from  this  two  small  ridges  pass  along  the  wing  cases  and  down  the  ab- 
domen to  extremity,  and  between  them  two  others  starting  from  upper  segments  of 
the  abdomen,  on  the  outer  sides  of  which  last,  in  those  chrysalids  which  are  brown, 
is  a  fine  dentated  light  colored  line;  surface  reticulated  and  on  the  abdomen 
marked  more  or  less  distinctly  by  transverse  abbreviated  dark  bars;  color  either 
dead  leaf  brown  or  bright  green.  Duration  of  chrysalis  state  14  days,  but  with  fre- 
quent cases  of  irregularity.  Some  of  the  chrysalids  retain  the  imago  till  the  follow- 
ing spring. 


!! 


"■"^ 


iv/ii  I"'  ."Vliiy  ,V,|>-< 


AJAX,  \-.\l 


i'h;i.Ai\(()NiDr:s   i 


i.  i;,.i.. .1  lu:  ii-i 


■/  hiiiiii/  Irimi    't  Sliihuf  limit 
a  I.  f'hn\ii/ii/,v  li  Ki/i/  iiiiiipnUi-il 
t'liDil  pliinl      /ii\i/nnt. 


li 


L.. 


PAPILIO  II. 


AJAX.— Vak.  TELAMONIDES,  Fcklcr. 

Primaries  morii  ])r.xluccd  tlian  in  Viir.  Walsliii;  costu  more  arched;  liiiul 
mar;j;iii  in  mule  more  excavated,  in  female  cDnvi'x;  tail  longer  and  broader;  thorax 
covered  witli  lung  hairs;  frontal  hairs  of  medium  length. 

j\Ialk. — Ex])and.s  from  li.<S  to  Ji.i  inches. 

Similar  in  color  and  dis})osition  of  bands  and  markings  to  Wdhhii ;  the  tail 
not  merely  tipped  with  yellow,  bnt  bordered  on  either  side  from  half  to  two-thirds 
the  distance  from  tip  to  base,  the  extreme  edges,  except  at  tip,  being  black;  the 
crimson  bar  narrower,  often  bilobed,  and  occasionally  broken  into  two  s[)(  s;  the 
four  marginal  lunules  usually  distinct. 

Body  above  as  in  Wdhh'd,  but  beneath  much  less  l)lack,  the  collar  being  yel- 
low and  the  yellow  lateral  stripes  broad  an<l  bright;  palpi  yellow,  the  hairs  at 
extremity  tip2ied  with  Idack;  frontal  hairs  black,  very  slightly  interspersed  with 
yellow  at  base  next  the  eyes,  shorter  than  in  Walsh! i;  antcnnie  reddish,  club  same, 
reddish-brown  beneath. 

Female. — Same  size  and  resembles  the  male. 

Telninonlflen  is  midway  between  the  other  two  v  M'ieties  in  size.  It  has  the  fore 
wings  of  Walshii,  especially  in  the  female,  but  the  hind  wings  are  produced  after 
the  manner  of  MnrccUiis,  and  it  has  the  tail  of  Mnrccllus,  as  well  as  the  yellow 
throat  and  sides  of  tliorax  and  abdomen.  Like  Wahhil  it  has  a  crimson  bar,  but 
this  is  often  broken  into  two  spots.  The  frontal  hairs  are  not  wholly  black  and 
are  but  of  medium  length,  and  the  hairs  of  pa1i)i  are  nearly  yellow. 

Egg  similar  to  that  of  Wnhhii.     Duration  of  this  state  4  to  5  days. 

Larva  similar  up  to  the  second  moult,  after  which  there  is  a  wide  divergence, 
some  retaining  a  resemblance  to  Wfthhil,  others  being  entirely  black  unrelieved  })y 
any  light  color  whatever;  in  others  the  general  color  is  grey,  with  white,  black 
and  yellow  bands  on  fourth  and  fifth  segments,  and  the  segments  after  fifth  crossed 
by  one  yellow  and  two  dull  white  stripes.  At  other  times  the  color  is  bhic-green, 
each  segment  crossed  by  grey,  yellow  and  clear  white,  the  white  band  re])]aced  by 
turquoise-blue.  Or  the  color  is  pale  green  throughout,  except  one  yellow  stripe  on 
each  segment,  the  bands  being  blue,  black  and  yellow.  There  is  also  a  variety  on 
which  the  black  stripes  are  broken  into  points  giving  the  larva  a  speckled  ajipear- 
ance.     Duration  of  larval  state  15  to  18  days. 

Chrysalis  similar  to  that  of  Wakhil,  and  either  brown  or  green.  Duration  of 
this  state  11  to  14  days. 


1 


l\ 


4 


Hi  jYvixT.y  Miii'V  Fr.*i"* 


JLjj.ILo 


<> 


I  ."■li'-l.ilrsiilli  I'hi! 


1 


fl 


11^ 

i 

■ 

iiif 

t 

Jl.. 


r-%^ 


PAPILIO  HI. 


A.IAX.— Var.  MAUCEJ.LUS,  Boisduvul. 

Primaries  in  both  sexes  eqiiully  and  largely  prodnced,  liiud  niiir<;ins  nincli 
excavated;  eosta  less  arched  than  in  TtlamoitidcK;  secondaries  more  prodnced;  tail 
longer  and  broader;  thorax  covered  with  short  hairs;  Ironlal  hairs  very  short. 
Mali;. —  LiXjiands  from  W.'l  to  JJ.")  inches. 

Color  deoj)  black,  the  borders  and  bhiclc  bands  broader  than  in  either  of  the 
other  varieties;  the  light  portions  pale  bine-green  in  IVcsh  spcciiiiens;  the  stripe  be- 
twei'n  the  forks  of  mesial  black  band  rednced  to  a  mere  streak;  the  two  common 
green  bands  terminate  on  secondaries  higher  up  the  wing  by  nearly  tlie  ^vidtli  of 
one  interspace;  the  tail  very  lotig  and  broad,  bordered  and  edged  as  in  TdoiiKniidni; 
the  crimson  band  reduced  to  a  single  Innate  spot  of  varial)h>  size,  and  occiusionally 
wanting,  with  very  rarely  a  second  spot,  always  minute;  the  two  middle  lunules 
on  the  margin  distinct,  the  other  two  more  or  less  obsolete;  a  greenish  band  at 
base  of  botli  wings,  nn  secondaries  following  the  edge  of  the  alxlominal  fold.  On 
the  under  side  the  light  portions  tinted  with  bud",  espccinlly  on  costaand  along  the 
principal  nervnres  and  either  edge  of  the  black  eonnnon  band;  two  crimson  anal 
spots;  otherwise  as  in  TcldnioiiiilcH. 

J>ody  above  bliick,  the  thorax  covered  with  short  grey  hairs;  beneath  wholly 
bright  yellow,  except  a  narrow  black  stripe  extending  from  the  head  to  end  of  ab- 
domen, {)assing  beneath  the  insertion  of  the  wings,  and  a  stripe  along  lower  part 
of  thorax  and  abdomen;  a  short  black  line  inside  the  yellow  space  Jnst  before  the 
last  segment  of  the  abdomen;  palpi  yellow;  front  of  head  furnished  with  verysho.t 
hairs,  black  in  front  interspersed  with  yellow  next  the  eyes;  antcumu  reddish;  club 
sume,  reddish-brown  beneath. 

Fkmaj.k. — Expands  3.5  inches. 

The  green  bands  of  deeper  color  and  narrower,  leaving  th(>  sariace  very  black. 
In  many  cas<'s  the  green  shade  is  re])laced  by  a  soiled  or  buH'-white  with  no  trace 
of  green.     The  second  crimson  spot  appears  more  often  than  in  the  male. 

J/f,7w//!M  dilTers  from  the  other  varieties  by  its  increased  size  and  blackness 
of  wing3  and  by  their  shapo  in  both  sexes,  by  tlu^  absence  more  or  less  complete  of 
one  or  two  of  the  yellow  marginal  lunules,  by  the  substitution  of  a  single  large  lu- 
miie  criiuson  spot,  occasiimally  accompanied  by  a  crimson  point,  in  place;  of  bar  of 
Wtth/iii,  or  the  double  and  usually  eipial  spots  of  J'<  himonidia.  It  also  dillers  from 
the  latter  in  the  proportionate  length  and  breadth  of  tail ;  is  still  moi'c  yelh.w  on 
throat  and  thorax;  the  short  frontal  hairs  are  yellow  and  black,  and  the  ])al])i 
are  yellow. 


17 

t ' 


I 


^l!i 


PAPILIO  III. 

Egg  similar  to  that  of  WaLshii.     Duration  of  this  state  4  to  5  days. 

The  hirvuB  of  MdrccUus  combine  the  variations  of  Wakhil  an(i  Tehmonides, 
about  one  half  resembling  those  of  the  former,  and  most  of  the  remainder  being 
either  grsen  or  blue-green,  as  before  described,  with  blue,  black  and  jellow  bands 
on  fourth  and  iifth  segments.  Duration  of  the  larval  state  twelve  to  uineteeu 
days. 

Chrysalis  similar  to  that  of  Wakhii,  but  varying  much  in  size,  the  largest 
being  .1  broader  anil  .2  longer;  thoraciv.  process  more  ])rominont  and  hooked,  and 
the  reticulations  and  abbreviated  bands  more  conspicuous.  Color  either  brown  or 
green.     Duration  of  chrysalis  state  11  to  14  days. 

I  subjoin  the  diagnoses  of  these  forms  given  by  Mr.  Felder  in  his  Species 
Lepidoi)terorura,  Vienna,  18G4,  pp.  15  and  59. 

Section  23.     Sub-section  E. — ^[.vkcellus. 

"Wings  much  broiiJiir  tliiiu  in  p'-  .^cdiiig  sub-sections,  (i.e.  Sinon,  &i'.)  liind  winj^s  deeply 
dentated,  much  more  pioduced,ccsta  convex,  tlie  lower  disco-cellular  ncrvule  of  ibre  wings  loss  sinuous, 
the  cell  of  hind  wing  broader,  the  lower  disco-cellular  nervule  much  longer." 

Sub-section  F. — Telamoxides  and  Ajax  [Ahhotn  and  Wahhil). 

"  Fore  wings  less  produced  apically,  the  cell  shorter;  co.>»ta  of  hind  wings  longer  but  anal  region 
much  less  produced  than  in  MarccUm  ;  the  superior  and  inferior  disco-cellular  nervules  of  fore  wings  a 
little  concave  outward  ;  cell  of  hind  wings  much  shorter,  the  inferior  disco-cellular  nervule  shorter; 
tail  narrower,  ;>liorter;  club  slender;  front  very  hairy." 

Here  therefore  are  three  well  define.)  forms,  differing  in  many  specific  charac- 
ters and  long  recognisid  as  distinct  species.  For  eight  years  p:\st  I  have  had 
favorable  opportunities  for  studying  I'leir  habits,  and  have  been  nitent  on  solving 
what  very  early  struck  mo  as  a  mystery.  I  am  pleased  at  last  at  having  met  with 
sufficient  success  to  warrant  my  giving  the  results  thus  far  obtained  in  this  volume. 

Mr.  Wallace,  (Natural  Selections,  pages  145-159,)  has  admirably  described  and 
illustrated  the  phenomena  of  dimorphism  or  jtolymorjihism.  This  is  occasioned  by 
common  parents  jiroducing  two  or  more  forms  of  ofTsjiring  of  distinct  types,  without 
intermixture  or  hybridism,  and  among  the  le])idoptera,  as  stated  by  this  author, 
has  usually  been  observed  in  the  female  sex  only.  We  have  many  examples  in  our 
fauna,  partly  cases  of  albinism,  aa  in  C\)liii.s,  of  flavism,  in  Anthocaris,  or  of 
melanism,  as  in  Lyea?na,  and  notably  in  case  oi  Papilio  Turniis,  one  of  our  largest, 
most  widely  ditetril)uted  and  best  known  butterfiics.  The  male  of  this  is  always 
yellow,  but  the  females  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States  are  dimorpliic,  one 
form  being  yellow  like  the  n  ii'e,  the  other  black.  (There  are  however  occasional 
cases  of  true  hybridism  between  dimorphic  forms,  and  I  have  several  examples 
of  h-'^rid  Turniis,  one  of  which  is  perfect.)  We  have  also  a  case  of  dimorphism 
in  Orapta  laterrogationis,  that  embraces  both  sexes.    There  is  another  phenomenon 


PAPILIO    III. 


called  "seasonal"  diinorphism  by  Mr.  Wallace,  where  great  (lifferoiiceg  exist  be- 
tween the  autuinual  and  verual  broudd  of  the  saiuu  insect,  occasional' y  known  to 


occur. 


These  phenomena  meet  in  the  species  AJnx,  there  being  a  complicated 
seasonal  polymorphism  and  also  true  polymorphism  in  both  sexes.  Moreover  there 
is  a  considerable  degree  of  variation  in  each  of  the  three  principal  forms  (though 
not  to  an  extent  to  constitute  intergrades)  not  merely  in  the  imago  but  strikingly 
in  the  larva  and  somewhat  in  the  chrysalis.  There  is  also  a  tendency  to  still  further 
departure  from  the  average  speciiic  type,  as  seen  in  the  sub-varieties  of  Wa/shii. 

It  is  not  certain  which  of  these  foinis  was  first  described  as  Ajax  and  should 
be  entitled  to  give  name  to  the  species.  The  indefinite  language  of  Linnieus  and 
Fabricius  may  apply  to  either.  The  figure  of  Esper,  under  the  name  of  Ajax,  repre- 
sents Marcellus;  Cramer's  Jlarcel/us  is  the  one  which  I  designate  u..  Wa/shii. 
Abbot's  figures  represent  a  variety  of  this  last,  the  difference  consisting  in  the  pres- 
ence of  a  carmine  stripe  on  the  upper  surface  of  secondaries.  This  form  is  not  un- 
common, though  I  believe  the  stripe  is  always  imperfect  and  in  no  case  so  promi- 
nent as  appears  on  Abbot's  j)late.  About  one  individual  in  ten  of  either  sex  of 
Wakhii  exhibits  traces  of  the  stripe  to  a  greater  or  less  degree. 

Boisduval  and  Lecoute  regarded  this  Ahbolli  as  entitled  to  be  considered  the 
true  Ajax,  because  besides  giving  a  figure  of  the  imago,  Abbot  also  gives  the 
larva  and  chrysalis,  and  they  proposed  to  follow  him.  In  the  text  they  do  so  very 
nearly,  but  their  plate  represents  Telamoiudes.  Felder  also  accepts  Abbot's  figure 
as  that  of  the  typical  Ajax. 

As  regards  the  claims  of  the  three  principal  varieties  they  are  equal ;  neither 
can  be  called  a  variety  of  the  other,  but  they  are  varieties  of  one  species.  To  avoid 
confusion  it  seemed  to  me  well  to  apply  the  name  Ajax  to  them  collectively  and  to 
designate  two  of  them  by  the  names  which  have  become  familiar.  The  other  I 
name  in  recollection  of  the  late  Benjamin  D.  Walsh,  whose  untimely  loss  proves 
well  nigh  irreparable  to  American  Entomology.  A  second  sub-variety  of  Wakhii, 
characterized  by  very  narrow  tails  and  usually  by  diminutive  size  was  pronounced 
by  Mr,  Felder,  to  whom  it  had  been  submitted,  as  distinct  and  constituting  a  fourth 
species,  (see  })late  herewith). 

I  am  not  certain  whether  Walshii  is  as  wide  spread  as  Tclamonklcs  or  not. 
Mr.  Walsh  informed  me  that  he  had  never  met  with  it  in  Illinois,  where  the 
other  was  common.  But  I  have  received  it  from  Eastern  \  irginia  and  Dr.  A.  W. 
Chapman  hiia  sent  it  to  me  from  Florida.  Dr.  G.  M.  Levette^  has  taken  it 
abundantly  in  the  month  of  April,  near  Indianapolis.  Abbot's  figures  pu^purt  also 
to  have  been  taken  from  a  Georgian  insect.  It  seems  probabie  therefore  that  it 
is  wide  spread  but  has  been  over-looked  or  confounded  with  Telamonides. 


PAPILIO   III. 

WnkJiii  appears  in  the  Kanawha  Valley  (West  Va.)  from  the  fifteenth  to 
twentieth  o^  March,  by  which  time  the  peach  ti'ces  are  usually  in  bloom.  On 
these  the  females  may  certainly  be  found,  and  a  little  later,  on  the  apple  and  in 
great  numbers  on  the  wild  plum.  The  males  appear  a  few  days  earlier  and  are  to 
be  seen  by  the  water  side  or  upon  the  road,  but  rarely  upon  flowers.  The  larvae 
feed  on  the  Pawpaw  (Asimina  triloba,  Gray),  and  as  this  is  one  of  the  latest  of  our 
trees  to  put  forth  its  leaves,  th(!  butterflies  are  out  at  least  from  two  to  three  weeks 
before  the  young  shoots  of  the  food  i)lant  are  visible.  But  no  sooner  do  these  ap- 
pear than  the  females  hasten  to  deposit  their  eggs.  I'clamontdes  begins  to  fly  some 
weeks  after  Walshii,  and  both  forms  in  this  valley  are  for  a  time  common.  About 
the  first  of  June,  Walsh'd  disappears,  and  before  the  end  of  the  month  Tdamonidcs 
also.  I  have  never  seen  either  later  than  June  save  in  one  instance.  In  this,  Mr. 
Tlieo.  L.  Mead  captured  a  newly  emerged  Telamonidcs,  at  Coalburgh,  12th  Sept., 
18GD.  Mr.  Mead  is  an  accurate  observer,  and  during  several  weeks  spent  with  me, 
paid  particular  attention  to  this  species.  Every  season  1  have  brought  me  great 
numbers  of  butterflies  taken  in  the  vicinity,  and  as  no  other  case  of  the  late 
appearance  of  these  two  forms  has  come  to  my  knowledge,  it  may  be  assumed  that 
this  occuirence  of  Tdamonidcs  was  exceptional. 

About  1st  of  June,  Marcdlus  begins  to  appear  and  shortly  is  out  in  great 
numbers,  continuing  to  be  abundant  till  last  of  October.  ]  have  seen  Marcdlus  in 
but  one  instance  before  last  of  May,  and  that  was  11th  April,  18G7,  when  I  myself 
captured  a  female  on  the  wing,  as  much  out  of  its  season  as  the  Tdamonidcs  in 
September. 

I  became  satisfied  in  my  own  mind  some  years  ago  that  one  of  these  forms  was 
the  summer  or  fall  brood  and  the  others  the  spring  broods  of  the  same  insect,  hav- 
ing every  year  raised  many  of  the  larvae,  either  found  on  the  leaves  of  the  food 
plant,  or  bred  from  eggs  so  found,  and  the  results  thus  obtained  agreeing  with  out- 
side observations.  l>ut  however  probable  it  might  ap2)ear,  it  was  not  possible  to 
establish  the  certainty  till  the  missing  link  could  be  su7)plied  and  one  form  bred 
from  eggs  actually  laid  by  another,  especially  wlieii  the  apjiearance  of  the  Marcd- 
lus taken  in  April  and  the  Tda/nonides  emerged  from  chrysalis  in  April,  1868, 
hereafter  referred  to,  furnished  strong  reasons  for  doubt.''" 

*  Note. — It  is  true  that  Pr.  Morris,  in  1802,  hud  stilted  in  his  Synopsis,  page  9,  that  Dr.  Gray 
cousid-r'^d  AJax  and  Marcdlus  to  bo  varieties  of  the  same  insect,  and  added,  "  This  is  now  the  opinion 
of  all  tho  collectors  in  this  country.  One  of  them  declares  that  AJox  is  the  spring  and  Marcdlus  the 
fall  brood  of  the  same  species."  But  no  reason  for  this  opinion  or  proof  of  the  assertion  was  given,  and 
Dr.  Morris  allowed  mo  to  deny  the  identity  of  tho  two  species  in  his  appendix,  p.  351,  without  com- 
ment. At  best,  no  one  seems  to  have  more  than  reached  an  opinion  founded  in  some  cases  probably  on 
&cts  identical  with  those  afterwards  observed  by  me. 


PAPILIO   IIL 


To  obtain  this  missing  link  seemed  impossible  and  year  after  year  I  had  faded. 
Twice  I  had  seen  a  female  Telamonides  deposit  an  egg  and  succeeding  in  hatoliing 
the  larva  therefrom.  But  in  one  instance  it  died  before  maturity  and  in  the  other, 
the  larva  from  an  egg  deposited  11th  May,  18(>7, gave  TclamoiiJdes  in  Ai)rn,  18()8. 

1  had  also  succeeded  in  raising  larvte  from  eggs  seen  to  be  deposited  by  Marcellus, 
bu  merely  ascertained  that  the  early  summer  brood  of  this  form  2)rodueed  its  like  a 
few  weeks  later,  without  gaining  any  light  as  to  the  last  brood  of  the  season.  The 
females  would  not  lay  tiieir  eggs  in  captivity,  either  in  empty  boxes  or  on  cut 
branches  of  the  food  plant. 

In  1870, 1  determined  to  try  the  effect  of  confining  the  females  with  the  grow- 
ing food  plant,  and  lOtli  May,  encloseil  in  a  keg  from  Avhich  the  heads  had  been 
removed  and  the  upper  end  covered  with  gauze,  a  Tc/ainoiildes.  During  the  day  it 
laid  several  eggs  on  the  leaves.  I  was  now  obliged  to  leave  home,  and  waa  absent 
two  weeks.  On  returning  I  found  six  larvte  only  in  the  keg,  of  equal  size  and 
about  half  grown.  Others  had  been  hatched  but  had  either  escajwd  or  had  been 
destroyed.  By  5th  June,  these  larvae  had  stopped  feeding,  although  but  three 
weeks  had  elapsed  since  the  female  was  enclosed.  On  7th,  they  had  fixed  and 
by  8th  had  become  clirysalids.     Between  20th  and  24th  they  had  yielded  imagos, 

2  (?,  4  $,  all  Marcellm.     Time  from  laying  egg  to  imago  35  days. 

On  1st  June,  I  enclosed  three  Tclanionidrs,  and,  on  2d,  had  obtained  from  them 
37  eggs.  From  these,  on  3d  July,  2  $  3Iarccllm  emerged  and  others  followed  till 
9th,  when  I  had  12  S,  10  $,  all  3IarceUus.  Time  from  laying  of  egg  to  imago  oJJ 
days.  One  chrysalis  from  this  brood  went  over  the  season,  and  1st  April,  1871, 
yielded  S  Telamonides. 

On  7th  June,  I  enclosed  a  Marccllas  and  from  it,  on  2:jd,  had  five  mature 
larvae.  On  4th  July,  1  $  3Iarcellus  emerged,  on  Uth  3  i.  Time  from  laying  of 
egg  to  imago  27  days.  One  chrysalis  went  over  the  season  and  was  alive  1st  April 
1871,  but  died  before  yielding  imago. 

On  1st  July,  I  enclosed  a  Mai-ce/lus,  which  in  point  of  time  would  be  of  tho 
second  brood  in  succession  from  Telamonides.  By  18th,  there  wore  eighteen  larvae 
living  from  which  resulted  fourteen  clirysalids.  On  31st,  the  imagos  began  to  ap- 
pear and  by  3u  August,  there  were  4^,  3  2,  all  ALurcUns.  Time  30  days.  Seven 
of  this  lot  of  clirysalids  passed  their  period  and  one  of  them  gave  ?  SLtrcelhis, 
on  28th  August,  six  weeks  afterwards.  The  other  six  went  over  the  season  and 
were  living  in  the  following  February,  but  unfortunately  were  destroyed  by  lire 
about  the  end  of  that  month. 

Late  in  August,  from  eggs  of  Marecllm  obtained  in  same  way,  I  had  two 
larvae  which  matured  12th  Sept.  One  of  these  soon  after  yielded  JIarce/liis,  the 
other  went  over  the  season  but  waa  lost  with  those  before  mentioned. 


PAI'ILIU   111. 


"I* 


On  1  r)tli  Oct.,  I  had  several  larva)  feeding.  Of  these  but  one  went  to  chrysa- 
lis Iteforo  frost  killed  the  leaves  of  the  food  ])hint  and  caused  the  loss  of  the  re- 
mainder.    This  one  yielded  Ti/aiiioiih/rs  •?,  Llth  April,  1871. 

These  observations  therefore  shewed  that  from  lyamonldes  came  3far(  elites  the 
same  season  and  T<  lam  on  ides  iu  the  following  spring,  that  from  Marcrlhts  came 
successive  broods  of  JIurecllus  the  same  season,  auJ  from  the  last  brood  Tela- 
monldes  in  the  s[)ring. 

It  also  appeared  that  while  there  was  a  general  limit  to  the  duration  of  the 
chrysalis  state,  namely  about  12  days,  there  were  frequent  exceptions,  the  imagos 
then  emerging  at  ii-regular  periods  and  some  of  nearly  every  brood  living  iu  chrys- 
alis till  the  following  sj)ring. 

The  rapidity  of  growth  from  the  egg  was  surprising,  as  compared  with  our  other 
Pajiilios.  In  18(59,  by  obtaining  very  young  larvie  within  a  day  or  two  after  I 
had  had  butterflies  emerge  from  chrysalis,  I  became  satisfied  that,  besides  the  first 
brood  from  Wuhhii  or  Telanionides,  there  are  three  successive  broods  of  Mtircllus 
and  the  larvic  of  tlie  fourth  give  chrysalids  that  go  over  the  winter,  thus  making 
five  broods  })er  ycai*. 

These  observations  faileti  ro  determine  the  connection  between  Walshil  and 
the  other  two  forms,  though  I  had  gooil  reasons  for  feeling  confident  as  to  what 
that  connection  mi<i;ht  be.  For  example,  fi'om  twentv-sevenchrvsalids  obtained  from 
larvte  found  on  the  food  plant  in  Sept.  1808,  and  which  it  is  now  jdain  must  have 
come  from  the  last  brood  of  ^LiwreUns,  emerged  twenty-seven  imagos  between  the 
2d  and  21st  April,  18(58.  Of  these,  twenty-six  were  Tcl(cmonides,  and  one  was  Wid- 
shii.  Also  from  chrysalids  of  Sept.  18()'.),  emerged  two  var.  Ahbnlii  in  ]\Iarch,  1870. 

Out  of  fifty-seven  chrysalids  from  larvie  found  on  food  plant  in  last  of  June 
and  1st  of  July,  18(58,  which  were  probal)Iy  from  first  brood  of  Marcellxs,  forty- 
five  produced  MarccUus  within  the  usual  period;  but  five  went  over  the  winter,  and 
between  24th  j\Iaich  and  8th  April,  18(59,  yielded  five  Telamnnides.  Another 
larva  fed  iu  August,  18(58  (2d  or  3tl  brood  of  Mircellas)  produced  Telanionides 
23d  March,  18(59. 

In  the  sjiring  of  the  present  year,  (1871)  WaMiii  was  unusually  abundant 
and  it  seemed  to  me,  at  the  expense  of  Telanionides,  which  was  comparatively 
scarce.  On  the  lOth  April,  I  confined  three  Wahhii  Avith  the  food  plant,  and  by 
12th,  had  obtained  one-hundred  and  twenty-five  eggs.  On  the  l(5th,  I  confined 
two  otluTs  of  same  type  separately  and  obtnined  many  more  eggs.  The  larv.'e  from 
the  last  laying  overtook  in  growth  those  of  the  first  so  that  but  one  day  intervened 
)etwecn  the  first  chrysalis  of  each.  Between  17t  h  and  2;>tl  May,  all  the  survivors  had 
changed,  numbering  seventy.  From  these  emerged,  between  1st  and  (5th  June, 
i.i'iy-eight  butterHies,  of  which  22  cC,  ;)4  $,  were  Maveellus,  one  i,   Walshil  and  one 


FA  I' ILK)   III, 


$,  Te/amoni<les.  On  23d  Juno,  full  tiiroo  weeks  iil'tcr  its  period  came  another 
$  Mdrccllna  and  a  second  followed  on  the  I'Jth  .July.  Of  the  other  chrysalids  seven 
are  living  at  this  date  (loth  Octoher).  In  these  cases  the  eggs  of  each  lot  were 
unusually  long  in  hajching,  8  (htys,  and  the  time  from  laying  of  egg  to  imago  of 
the  first  was  51  days  und  of  the  second  11. 

On  23(1  May,  I  enclcsed  another  Wahhil  with  the  usual  result  The  eggshe- 
gan  to  hatch  on  2Sth,  five  days.  From  these,  on  13th  June,  I  liad  thirty-two 
chrysalids.  The  first  imago  appeared  24th  June.  Time  from  laying  of  eggs  thirty- 
one  days.  By  30th,  10  t,  7  'I,  MarecUus  hud  emerged  and  14  chrysalids  are  living 
at  this  date  (loth  October). 

On  27th  May,  I  enclosed  a  Telamonides  that  had  but  a  slight  trace  of 
white  at  sides  of  the  tail  near  the  tip  and  in  this  respect  approached  Wahhii  much 
more  nearly  than  I  had  before  observed  in  that  variety,  though  otherwise  it  was 
distinctly  Tela  mo  aides.  From  this  I  obtained  many  eggs  which  hatched  on  31st 
and  gave  nineteen  larvaj.  These  were  peculiar  in  that  they  were  all  remark- 
ably black,  and  several  entirely  so,  without  even  the  usual  white  line  on  fourth 
segment.  The  butterflies  began  to  emerge  on  the  28th,  and  there  resulted  seven 
Marcellas.  Time  from  laying  of  egg  ;52  days.  At  this  date  1.5th  October  ten 
chrysalids  are  living. 

From  another  Telamonides  enclosed  28th  May,  resulted  2  c?,  2  ?  Marcellus  on 
3d  and  4th  July,  and  six  chrysalids  are  still  living  (loth  October.) 

On  1st  and  4th  June,  I  enclosed  several  Marcellus,  These  laid  scores  of  eggs 
and  in  due  time  I  had  123  larvte,  and  from  them  on  2d  .July,  seventy-six  chrys- 
alids. On  the  5th,  the  imagos  began  to  ap[iear  and  by  13th,  21  '*,  15  $,  had  emerged, 
all  Marcellus.  At  this  date,  (15th  October)  40  chrysalids  have  long  passed  their 
period.     Time  34  days. 

Finally,  on  2i)th  July,  I  enclosed  a  MarceUm,  and  obtained  therefrom  forty- 
two  chrysalids.  Of  these,  thirteen  produced  Marcellus  4  $,  9?  ,  and  twenty-nine  go 
over  the  season. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  a  large  percentage  of  the  chrysalids  of  nearly  every 
brood  pass  the  winter,  the  pi '^portion  seeming  to  increase  as  the  broods  succeed  each 
other.  Of  the  first  brood  of  Wahhii,  of  G7  chrysalids,  7  passed  over;  of  the  second 
of  39  chrysalids,  14;  of  the  first  of  Telamonides,  o^  11  chrysalids  10;  of  the  second 
of  Telamonides  of  10  chrysalids,  (3  ;  of  the  first  brood  oi  Marcellus,  of  70  chrys- 
alids, 40;  of  the  second  brood  of  Marcellus,  of  42  chrysalids,  29. 

The  summing  up  therefore  of  this  whole  series  of  observations  is  this;  Walshii 
produces  Walshii,  Telamonides  and  Marcellus,  the  same  season ;  Telamonides  pro- 
duces Marcellus  the  same  season  and  its  own  type  in  the  Spring;  Marcellus  ])vo- 


l^ 


i 


PAPILIO  111. 

(lurossiicc'cssive  broods  of  MurrelhiH  tlie  same  season,  and  occasionally  Trlauionides, 
(iiitlividuiil  taken  l»y  Mr.  iMwul  in  Soptonibcr,  1S70)  and  tlii'  last  bntod  ])roduces 
Wd/.t/iii  and  Tildiiioitidoi  in  tlic;  Sprinj^;  and  wlicncvcr  any  of  the  chrysalids  of 
either  brood  oi'  Mirer// i/h  j)ass  the  winter  tliey  [)ro(liiee  the  other  two  varieties,  and 
probably  sometimes  their  own  type  (individual  taken  A])ril,  1867.)  The  chrysa- 
lids of  Wu/s/di  that  pa.sri  the  winter  of  1871 — 2  will  probably  })roduce  WaUhii 
or  Te/<imo)il(/i's. 

Thus  there  are  3Inrce//iii'  produced  by  three  different  types  of  parent,  and  Tcl- 
amrynides  by  three  and  j)rol)ably  Wa/a/iii  by  the  same  number.  1  have  carefully 
comi)ared  individuals  of  each  variety  so  H[)rung  from  several  parents  and  can  dis- 
cover no  tangible  points  of  difference.  Exce[)t  in  what  1  should  call  non-essential 
variations  and  wliich  each  variety  is  subject  to,  such  as  width  of  the  bands,  &c., 
each  is  true  to  its  own  ty]ie  no  matter  what  its  parentage. 

The  duration  of  the  several  states  of  egg,  larva  and  chrysalis  also  differs 
greatly,  especially  between  Waishil  and  the  other  two  varieties. 

Ego.  Larva.  Chrysalis. 

Wakhii,  7  to  8  days.  22  to  2!)  days.  14  days. 

Tcldmou'ules       4  to  5  days.  \o  to  18  days.  11  to  14  days. 

Marce/lus,  4  to  5  days.  12  to  V,)  days.  11  to  14  days. 

The  female  of  AJax  may  frequently  be  seen  coursing  througli  the  pawpaw  trees 
which  hereabouts  covi!r  the  lower  hill-sides,  or  hovering  about  tlie  young  ])lantg 
that  spring  up  in  the  cultivated  fields,  searching  for  leaves  on  which  to  deposit 
her  eggs.  After  touching  or  running  over  and  rejecting  several,  she  finds  one 
suitable  to  her  i)ur])ose.  Thereupon,  balancing  by  the  rapid  fluttering  of  her  wings, 
she  stands  for  an  instant  with  legs  stretched  at  full  length,  perpendicular  to  the 
body,  and  curving  down  the  abdomen  till  it  touches  the  surface,  deposits  a  single 
egg;  then  flics  away,  presently  to  alight  on  a  second  leaf  with  like  intent.  Some- 
times the  egg  is  upon  the  stem  and  occasionally  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  but 
almost  always  it  is  on  the  U|)|)er  side,  and  but  one  egg  will  usually  be  found  on 
the  same  leaf.  The  process  of  laying  continues  for  several  successive  days.  At 
certain  seasons  it  is  almost  impossible  to  find  a  young  plant  that  is  free  from  these 
eggs  and  it  is  easy  to  collect  scores  of  them. 

On  dissecting  the  abd(jmen  of  a  newly  emerged  female  the  eggs  are  found  to 
be  fully  formed  though  not  full-sized.  I  conclude  that  they  mature  with  great 
rapidity  because  fertile  eggs  are  laid  by  apparently  fresh  and  uninjured  females. 
With  the  Vanessans  and  Argynnides,  (probably  with  the  Nymphalidse  generally,) 
this  is  far  from  being  the  case,  the  eggs  maturing  in  the  ovaries  for  a  long  period 
before  they  are  ready  for  impregnation. 


Total. 
43  to  52  days. 
30  to  36  days. 
27  to  38  days. 


m 


I'Al'ILIO    III. 

Many  eggs  are  tlcHtroyed  l)y  insects  and  spiders.  There  is  a  minute  scarlet 
spider  scarcely  larger  than  tin;  egg  itself,  that  moimts  upon  it  and  from  a  punc- 
ture extracts  the  contents.  I  fre<iuently  nwt  the  shells  so  despoiled  before  1  dis- 
covered the  cause  and  have  since  observed  the  marauder  in  its  operations.  I  have 
also  lost  in  a  single  night,  owing  as  I  sup])0sed  to  crickets,  numbers  of  eggs  laid  iu 
confinement. 

The  larvne,  in  every  stage  of  growth,  are  to  be  found  resting  on  the  surfaces  of 
the  leaves  and  one  would  su])p()se  they  must  be  nearly  exterminated  by  birds.  But 
like  all  I'apilio  larvsc,  they  emit  from  the  head,  at  the  same  time  that  they  jirojeeta 
Yshaj)ed  tentacle,  a  j)eculiarly  acrid  and  sickening  odor  which  must  elfectually  pro- 
tect them.  1  have  however  seen  sjtiders  feeding  upon  them,  attacking  even  the 
head,  and  they  have  other  enemies  among  the  insects.  They  are  very  little  troub- 
led by  ichneumon-Hies  in  this  valley,  antl  I  have  rarely  lost  a  chrysalis  from  that 
cause.  Ojusecpiently  no  Papilio  is  so  abundant  here  throughout  the  season.  1 
find  on  breeding  them  that  a  considerable  jiercentage  of  the  eggs  do  not  hatch,  and 
that  more  or  less  of  the  larvae  die  at  every  moult,  as  well  as  in  the  eflbrt  to 
change  to  chrysalids.  iNIultitudes  of  chrysalids  nnist  be  destroyed  in  the  winter  by 
birds  and  mice  as  they  are  but  imperfectly  concealed  under  stones  and  roots  or 
even  among  the  stems  of  the  grasses.  So  that  of  the  tens  of  thousands  (jf  eggs 
that  are  annually  deposited  but  a  very  small  ])roj)ortion  produce  butterflies. 

I  am  now  clearly  of  the  opinion  that  the  number  of  each  sex  in  any  species  of 
butterfly  is  about  equal.  On  counting  the  Ajax  that  have  emerged  fi'ou)  chry- 
salis the  last  two  seasons,  I  find  78  S,  83  ?,  and  with  the  Intcrrof/dfionis,  Conniia, 
and  other  sjiecies  I  find  al)out  the  same  pro])ortion.  The  scarcity  of  the  females 
noticed  by  all  collectors  is  owing  to  their  fre(pienting  different  localities  from  the 
males. 

With  regard  to  obtaining  the  eggs  of  any  sjiecies  of  butterfly,  after  two  seasons 
experience,  I  find  not  the  least  difliculty,  provided  the  food  plant  be  known.  If, 
on  being  confined  with  this,  they  do  not  immediately  proceed  to  deposit  their  eggs, 
it  is  because  these  are  not  matured.  I  have  repeatedly  failed  with  the  large  Ar- 
gynnides  until  the  month  of  September,  and  then  have  obtained  hundreds  of  eggs. 
The  larvfe  of  Argynnis  are  the  only  ones  however  I  have  been  unable  to  rear, 
and  so  far  I  have  failed  in  every  instance,  though  with  Euptoicta  Cohnnb'uifi, 
closely  allied  on  one  side,  and  the  Vauessaus  on  the  other,  I  liave  had  no  difliculty 
whatever. 


J 


T 


!  T 


'rij^^A^^mAu?, 


If 


I\  a'wii  W  Mai";  IV  u  ' 


^// 


BtfWPr.  ^  r     lit],    f^h]]" 


CLOI'IUP    5'    ';.     5 


t     I 


PARNASSIUS  I. 


PARNASSIUS  CLARIUS.    1—4. 

Parnansnis    C/driiii^,    Kvcr.suiaun,  Buii.  'lu  IIosc.  XYI,   p.  I).    15ois.   Ann.  Ent.  i?oe.  Fr.  1852. 
Clodlus,  Hois.  Lop.  do  la  (,'ul   180!). 

Male.     Expands  2.2  to  2.4  inches. 

Upper  side  sordid  wliite  ;  the  outer  half  of  primaries  semi-transparent, 
crossed  to  first  median  iiervale  by  a  submarginal  row  of  Avliite  lunules  ;  a  second 
abbreviated  row  of  four  similar  huudi':-  frj-ti  tlie  costa,  separated  from  tlio  wliite 
ground  l)y  n.  narrow  semi-transj)arent  sjiuco;  ba.sc  deii.-iely  powdered  witli  black 

■er  nearly  half 


di^ 


d 


atoms  wlueh  extend  for  some 

the  cell ;  on  the  arc  a  pale  black  bar,  another  across  cell ;  sometimes  a  black:  patdi 
in  submedian  interspace.  Secondaries  luive  the  base  and  u^jper  part  of  abdominal 
margin  densely  powdered  with  black,  Avhich  rarely  reaches  the  extremity  of  the  cell ; 
on  costal  margin  a  small,  rather  angular  th;;.i  round,  s2)ot,  either  reddish  yellow  or 
bright  red,  Avithin  black  ring,  and  occasionally  with  a  white  pupil ;  in  u])]»er  discal 
interspace  a  second  similar  spot,  smaller,  lait  often  represented  by  a  black  point 
only  ;  in  some  individuals  a  ])ale  black  narrow  bar  near  anal  angle. 

Under  side  vitreous ;  the  black  markings  of  u])per  side  faintly  reproduced; 
both  red  spots  conspicuous  and  usually  with  white  pupils  ;  at  l»<ise  of  secondaries  (;e- 
casionally  traces  of  three  or  four  red  spots,  but  usually  those  are  wholly  wanting ; 
where  on  upper  side  there  is  an  anal  bar,  beneath  i.-  a  pale  red  bar  with  blacki.sli 
edges. 

Bodv  above  covered  with  crcv  hairs;  thorax  brownish  A'l'llow  above  and  beneath 
as  is  also  the  abdomen  beneath  ;  palpi  a  deeper  shade  of  yellow  ;  antenme  black. 

FicMALK.     Expands  2.4  to  2.()  inches. 

Nearly  the  Avhole  of  primaries  semi-tra"sparent,  crossed  by  a  submarginal  and 
discal  row  of  white  lunules  or  spots  ;  a  third  row  borders  the  extn>mity  of  the  cell ; 
the  cellular  bars  larger  than  in  male  and  the  blaek  atoms  at  ba,-;e  much  extended, 
tilling  a  large  part  itf  the  cell. 

Secondaries  sordid  wliite  bordered  by  a  row  of  large  concolored  lunules  edged 
anteriorly  by  narrow  semi-trans]«irent  crenations ;  liie  red  spots  much  larger 
than  in  male,  the  one  on  disc  accompanied  by  a  small  black  spo*.  on  its  iiuier 
side;  anal  patch  large,  red,  edged  by  black ;  (»n  the  uutler  side  this  i>atfh  has  a 
white  centre  and  the  s[)ots  white  ])upils;  the  basal  red  spots  distuict ;  abdomen  fur- 
nished with  a  large,  white,  corneous  pouch. 


PARNASSIUS  I, 

Larva  unknown. 

Found  in  tlie  hit-rra  Nevada,  Yo  Semite  Valley  and  other  localities  in  California. 

Rcsjjecting  this  species,  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  writes,  "I  liaveseen  Clarius  on 
the  wing  and  have  taken  both  sexes.  They  were  flying  in  a  shady  canon  of  the 
Sierras  near  Conner  Lake,  alighting  fre(;[uently,  taking  short  flights  and  having 
very  much  the  a})pcarance  of  dirty  and  worn  Ptcridw.  Their  flight  is  a  short, 
jerking  motion  not  unlike  many  Ilesperians  and  they  are  easily  captured.  C/artus 
is  a  nmeh  more  common  insect  than  Clod'nis  and  seems  to  have  a  far  wider  range. 
I  have  also  seen  it  in  various  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  near  INft.  Slnista  down 
to  Inyo' Co.,  while  Chdiiis  I  only  know  from  the  specimens  collected  hy^Mr.  Behrens 
at  Bodega.  Chtrhis  appears  to  be  strictly  a  mountain  insect,  b(Mng  found  at  as 
high  an  elevation  as  7500  feet,  while  Clodius  occurs  at  far  lower  Lvels,  and  even  at 
the  sea  coast." 


PARNASSIUS  CLODIUS.    o— (>. 

Parnnssius  Clodius,  jMciu'trios,  Enuin.  Corp.  Auim.  Mus.  St.  Petersb.  I.  p.  73. 

]\[.vi,i:.     Expands  3  to  3.5  inches. 

Upper  side  of  both  wings  cream  white,  except  the  outer  extremity  of  j)rimaries 
which  is  semi-transparent  and  crossed,  as  in  Clarlm,  by  two  rows  of  white  lunules; 
in  the  cell  two  bars,  as  in  that  species,  but  the  one  on  arc  broader  and  at  its  lower 
extremity  sharper,  the  color  of  both  being  a  dense  black,  theicin  dilfering  noticeably 
from  Clarius  ;  a  black  patch  in  sub-median  interspace ;  costa  and  base  moderately 
powdered  with  black  scales  which  extend  over  nearly  one-half  the  cell. 

Secondaries  densely  powdered  with  black  from  ba.>^e  quite  to  the  extremity  of 
the  cell ;  two  nearly  round,  bright  I'ed  spots,  of  equal  size,  situated  as  in  Clarim,  each 
in  abroad  black  ring  and  usually  with  a  small  white  pupil;  at  anal  angle  a  con- 
spicuous black  arc,  sometimes  wanting. 

Under  side  vitreous,  tiie  bli.ck  markings  as  above  but  paler;  the  ocelli 
distinct,  their  pupils  eidarged  ;  at  anal  angle  a  red  arc  edged  by  black  ;  at  ba.'^e 
thiee  or  four  red  ])atches,  usually  distinct  with  Avell  dellned  black  edges,  but 
occasionally  faint  without  black;  these  red  spots  when  distinct  are  visible  on 
ujiper  side. 

Body  above  covered  with  grey  hairs  ;  abdomen  at  extremity  yellow,  be- 
neath yell  iw  brown  ;  palpi  yellow  brown  ;  anteniue  black. 

Fkm.vi.i;.     I'nknown. 

From  several  males  taken  at  Bodega,  ^Mariii  Co.,  California,  by  Mr.  James 
Behrens. 

Having  seen  but  a  limitiMl  number  of  Parnassians  from  California,  I  luid  sup- 
posed the  insect  rt'presenleil  by  llgs.  5  and  0,  on  the  i)late,  to  be  a  marked  variety 


S^. 


m 


PARNASSUS   I. 


i 


of  Clarius.  But  the  protect  of  !Mr.  IJehrens,  who  had  socii  a  proof  of  the  pLite, 
and  the  result  of  a  re-examiimtiou  by  Mr.  Henry  Etlwards,  to  whom  I  liad  refer- 
red the  question,  have  made  me  think  it  probable  that  there  are  two  species,  and 
that  figs.  5  and  (5  represent  the  true  Clodlus  of  ]\Ienctries.  Ilis  description  ])ur- 
ports  to  have  been  taken  from  a  single  maU^  "  brought  from  ( 'alifornia  by  Wos- 
nosensky"  witnout  further  notice  of  its  habitat.  ]\Ienetries  states  that  it  is  dis- 
tinguished from  Clarius,  Eversmann,  by  its  great  size  and  deail  white  color,  and 
he  describes  in  nearly  all  respects  an  individual  closely  resembling  the  one  fig- 
ured on  our  plate. 

Boisduval,  in  his  paper  of  18-52,  gives  a  descripti(m  of  Clarius  which  seema 
to  have  been  drawn  from  individuals  of  that  species,  and  he  states  that  it  is 
found  in  the  mountains  of  California. 

But  in  his  Lepidoptera  of  California,  18G9,  he  states  that  he  was  in  error 
in  considering  the  species  he  had  before  described  to  be  the  Clarius  of  Evers- 
mann and  substitutes  the/efor  Clodius  Menetries,  omitting  the  former  from  his 
list  of  species. 

Mr.  Edwards,  \<\\o  has  devoted  many  seasons  to  collecting  the  C'alifor- 
nian  butterflies  and  who  is  largely  acquainted  with  their  habits  and  localities, 
writes,  "I  am  fully  convinced  from  an  examination  of  all  the  specimens  Avith- 
in  my  reach,  in  my  collection  and  in  those  of  Mr.  Behrens  and  Dr.  B"hr, 
that  we  have  two  species  of  Parnassius  nearly  allied  and  that  these  have  been 
described  by  Eversmann  and  Menetries.  The  great  dilierences  appear  to  me 
to  be  that  Clodius  is  larger  than  Clarius,  of  a  clearer  white,  less  tj'ansparent, 
with  the  red  ocelli  of  a  brighter,  clearer  coloi',  and  alwai/s  with  red  spots  at 
the  base  of  secontlarie^  beneath.  The  two  black  stri[ies  on  itrimaries  are  shar[)er, 
Avider,  and  of  a  more  intense  black.  In  a  long  series  of  these  insects  perhaps 
other  characters  would  present  themselves,  but  in  what  1  have  seen,  the  dis- 
tinctions appear  to  be  well  preserved." 

I  have  tabulated  the  differences  between  the  males  of  ilie  two  S2)ecies.  thus; 

Clai;:us. 


Expanse  of  wing  2.4  inches. 

Color  sordid-white. 

Discal  bar.s  \y.\\c. 

Sometimes  black  spot  on  inner  niarfjin. 

The  two  red  spota,  rather  aimular,  of  unequal 
size,  one  often  a  mere  jioiiit. 

Color  of  spots  varjiiig  from  pale  yellow  red  to 
brijiht  red. 

.Sometimes  a  narrow,  pale  bar  at  anal  angle  ;  of- 
ten wantinsi. 

Sometimes  a  ])ale  red  b  ir  at  anal  aiiixle  bol.iw 

Usually  no  red  .*pots  at  base  of  seeoudaries. 


,L01)IUS. 
Expanse  3.5  iuehes 
Color  cieam-white. 
Dense  black. 

Alway.s  black  s])(it  i.n  inner  niaririn. 
The  two  spots  (if  ci[ii;d  size,  rnunded. 

Ccilor  bright-red. 

r.siialiy  a  ('ons]ii('uous,  deep  colored  bar   at  ana) 
angle. 

Always  a  large  red  are  at  anal  angle  below. 
1      Always  red  .sjmt.'i  and  usually  eouspicuous. 


Ill 


PARNASSIUS    I. 

Glariiis,  is  also  a  mountain  species.  Clodlus,  so  far,  has  only  been  found 
on  low  ground  near  the  sea  coast. 

Until  within  a  few  year.-i  this  genus  was  supposed  to  be  restricted  to  the 
old  world  and  to  contain  but  a  small  number  of  species,  scarcely  more  than 
have  already  been  found  in  North  America.  They  mostly  inhabit  high  mountain 
regions,  the  Alps,  Caucasus,  Himalaya,  the  mountains  of  Siberia  and  China,  and 
recent  expeditions  have  revealed  the  existence  of  many  new  species. 

Parnassius  is  considered  to  form  the  connecting  link  between  the  Papilios 
and  the  Pieridte,  partaking  of  certain  characteristics  of  both,  yet  presenting  others 
quite  anomalous.  The  larvoe  are  furnished  with  the  Y  shaped  tentacle  on  second 
segment  which  is  found  in  all  the  Panilionidie  and  is  peculiar  to  them,  but  in 
other  respects  resemble  the  larvie  ',  i't  Hesporidie  or  of  certain  moths.  So  also 
does  the  chrysalis,  which,  insteao   c  g  naked  and  suspended  by  a  single 

thread  around  the  middle  of  the  body  »i  ii  the  Papilios  and  the  Pieridie,  is  en- 
veloped between  leaves  in  a  slight  silken  Aveb  supported  by  several  threads.  It 
is  moreover  cyliudro-conical  in  shape  and  is  covered  by  a  bluish  powder  as  in 
the  moths  of  the  genus  Catocala.  The  butterfly,  in  general  appearance,  resembles 
the  Pieridaj  as  it  does  also  in  the  palpi  and  antennje.  Unlike  any  other  lepidopte- 
rous  insect  the  extremity  of  the  abdomen  of  the  female  is  provided  with  a  corneous 
appendage,  taking  the  form  of  a  large,  open  pouch  as  in  Clarius  or  of  a  small 
keeled  jwuch  as  in  Nomion  and  Sayii.  The  larvae  of  the  European  species  feed 
upon  species  of  saxifrage  and  selum  and  probably  those  of  the  American  species 
will  be  found  upon  similar  plants. 


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PARNASSIUS  II-IY. 


PARNASBIUS  SMINTHEUS. 

Piinuissiiis   SrniiUhrii^.  fSniiii'-tlio-us)  Doubloiluy,  (!nn.  IHur.  Lep.  jil.  4,  1S47.    KJw.  Proc,  Acmi.  Nat. 

Sci.  riiii.  isc.L'. 

I'/i'-hus,  var.  Kirby,  Cat.  p.  511,  1871. 

A  ar.  Su//ii,  9  ,  E(iw.  I'lYio.  Kilt.  Soc.  Phil.  ISG.^. 

.^  Xomioii,  13ois.  Ann.  iSoc.  Eiit.  dc  Fr.  18.j2. 

Var.  7,V/(/-//,  %  ,  Edw.  Trans.  Am.  Knt.  Soo.  1S70. 

Intin-mrdlm,  Monetries,  Euuni.  Corp.  Anini.  ."Mus.  .'^t.  Potersburjr,  IS,"),"),  p.  72. 

]\[alk. — Expands  from  1.5  to  2.")  incln^'s. 

Upper  .side  pure  white,  seinl-triin.sparent  at  ajtex  ami  Hometiiiies  narrowly  alontc 
liinu  margin  as  far  a.s  tlie  npper  or  even  tlio  seeond  braneh  of  median ;  bnt  most  often 
tlie  margin  is  bordered  by  wliito  serrations,  anterior  to  wbieli  tint  transinirent  s^iaeo 
takes  the  form  of  a  narrow  serrated  band;  ]n-imaries  bave  also  an  exti'a-diseal 
row  of  spots,  or  rather  of  cln.sters  of  seales,  sometimes  limitt'd  to  the  costid  mar- 
gin, sometimes  extending  qnite  aeross  the  wing,  or  of  any  intermediate  length; 
these  spots  are  cither  dead-blaek  and  eonspicnons,  or  delicate  and  pale-colored;  on 
the  arc  an  irregular  black  spot,  sometimes  terminating  at  the  sub-costal  ncrvuro, 
but  more  often  reaching  the  costal,  and  in  form  either  sub-rolnnd  or  a  curved  bar, 
sometimes  (ln])lex,  that  portion  between  two  nervures  then  being  iH>arly  or  en- 
tirely separated  from  the  other  and  advanced  towanls  base  of  wing;  a  second  sj>  >t  in 
cell  starting  from  the  sub-costal,  sometimes  also  large,  i  ,undcd,  and  at  otlnisa  nar- 
row bar,  but  never  quite  reaching  median  nervuiv;  costal  edge  of  primaries  densely 
irrorated  with  coarse  black  scales,  as  is  also  the  base  and  basil  portion  ..fcell ;  beyond 
cell  are  two,  sometimes  three  black  spots,  each  pu[)iHed  with  crimson;  lliis  color 
is  often  wliolly  wanting,  or  is  present  on  the  costal  s[)ot  only;  another  black  spot  is 
usually  found    on    the  middle  of  inner  margin,  either  witli  -x-  witliout  a  ciim- 

sou  pupil. 

Secomlaries  black  at  base  and  along  abdominal  margin  (piite  up  to  cell,  the 
basal  third  of  which  it  covers,  and  often  sends  a  curved  blanch  >ronnd  the 
extremity;  hind  margin  sometimes  innnaculate,  but  in  most  csis(  ..ordered  l)y  a 
row  of  rounded  black  spots  and  points,  which  extend  more  or  les.-,  across  the  wing; 
on  middle  of  costal  margin  a  crimsim  spot  and  another  on  disk,  each  in  black  ring 
and  of  variable  size,  but  usually  small;  these  spots  diiVer  in  sba.les  of  color  in  in- 


^^'gUi'WUP  WP~  ".li— ■  Wlf,i^i^(,t>LipMii.!ll»;it^  "-"..^.iTIWWHWgl  i.l.LyT  ,*iiiWI^I^J.P 


PARNASSIUS   II-IV. 


i^ 


(lividuals  from  (loop  crimson  to  ooliriiceous,  iind  fVo(|iioiitly  are  piipillod  with  Avhite; 
miiiiy  iiidiviiliKils  also  liavo  a  hlaok  spot  near  anal  angle,  and  there  is  very  rarely 
foniid  a  erinison  dot  within  the  hlack  hasal  sjiot  that  ocenpies  the  sub-costal  inter- 
space; fringes  eoncolored,  black  at  tijis  of  nervules. 

On  the  under  side  the  markings  are  repeated,  the  cellular  spots  but  in  part 
dead-black,  (he  crimson  spots  as  above,  and  where  the  })ateh  next  anal  angle  is  ])res- 
ent  it  is  usually  pupilled  with  crimson;  there  are  also  at  base  four  black  spots 
usually  more  or  less  covered  with  crimson,  but  sometimes  this  last  is  wanting  on  one 
or  two  or  even  altogether. 

liodv  small,  black,  covered  thinlv  Avith  grev-brown  hairs  on  both  thorax  and 
abd.omeu  above,  more  thickly  Ijoneath,  the  color  there  being  soiled  yellow,  often 
with  a  fulvous  tint;  legs  yellow  and  black;  palpi  yellow;  antenna)  white  annulated 
with  narrow  black  rings;  club  black. 

Fkmale. — Expands  from  1.7  to  2.")  inches. 

Upper  side  white,  often  with  a  yellow  tint,  marked  generally  as  in  the  male, 
and  exhibiting  as  great  degree  of  v.;riatiou;  tiie  crimson  spots  larger,  sometimes 
even  four  being  found  in  the  extra-discal  row,  the  fourth  occupying  the  uj>[ier  me- 
dian inters])aee;  the  s[tot  on  inner  margin  always  ])rcsent  and  largely  [)upilled  with 
crimson;  that  near  anal  angle  duplex,  usually  with  criiuson  })upils;  on  primaries 
the  transparent  portions  extend  halfway  to  cell  and  quite  across  the  wing,  enclos- 
ing a  sub-marginal  row  of  white  lumdes;  the  hind  margin  of  secondaries  more 
or  less  transparent  and  presenting  a  series  of  black  crescents  or  of  patches  of 
scales  indicating  obsolete  crescents;  there  is  also  frequently  a  crimson  sjiot  at 
base  in  sub-costal  interspace;  on  the  under  side  the  basal  spots  vary  as  in  the  males, 
from  black  to  grey,  and  with  or  without  crimson;  abdomen  furnished  with  a 
blackish,  corneous  pouch,  llattened  and  curved  down  ])osteriorly,  and  presenting 
in  front  a  thin,  prominent  keel;  often  there  is  no  trace  of  this  pouch. 

Var.  Fkmale. — The  wings  meianized  and  largely  transparent.  Found  at 
high  elevations. 

Var.  Br.HRir. — Characterised  principally  by  conspicuous  submarginal  black 
spots  on  secondaries  and  orange  discal  spots,  those  ol'  costal  margin  of  primaries 
either  Avhite  or  pale  orange,  in  the  female  the  submarginal  spots  are  very  consjii- 
cuous  and  tlu!  mesial  band  on  primaries  broad;  colored  spots  either  orange  or  red. 

From  ISO  s,  -I'J  ^,  taken  in  C'oh)rado  by  Mr.  T.  L.  ]\[ead,  in  June,  July  and 
August,  1871;  and  several  specimens  received  from  Dr.  llayden's  Yellowstone 
Expedition,  taken  in  Montana. 

EtiG. — Diameter  .0.3  inch:  chalky-white,  button-sluipetl,  the  top  depressed,  base 
flattened,  the  surface  encrusted  with  hexagons  that  diminish  as  they  approach  the 


PAllNASSIUS   Il-IV. 


micropyle,  and  showing  at.  each  corner  a  minute  cell.     Deijosited  upon  leaves  and 
steins  of  8edum, 

Larva  unknown. 

In  this  series  of  specimens  there  is  remarkahle  variation;  in  size,  the  lar- 
gest heing  full  twice  tiiatof  the  smallest,  in  the  extent  of  the  transparent  margin, 
in  the  density  of  the  hlaek  horder  to  ahdominal  margin,  in  the  hook  projected 
around  the  extremity  of  cell,  iu  the  size  and  sha[)e  of  the  hlaek  spots  on  costal  mar- 
gin of  primaries,  in  the  numhi-r  and  size  of  the  crimson  s[)()ts  on  same  wings,  those 
of  the  costa  varying  from  one  to  four;  in  the  hlaek  spot  on  inner  margin,  varying 
from  nil  to  a  conspicuous  patch,  with  or  without  crimson  centre;  in  the  sliape  and 
relative  size  of  the  two  crimson  spots  on  secondaries,  and  in  tiie  [)resence  or  ahsence 
of  one  or  two  spots  at  anal  angle;  in  the  hind  margin  of  secondaries,  sometimes  im- 
maculate, at  others  ornamented  with  consj)icuoiis  hlaek  crescents;  on  the  under 
side  also,  the  four  hasal  spots  of  secondaries,  though  always  present,  vary  from 
grey  to  hlaek,  usually  with  crimson  centres,  hut  fre(piently  Avitlioiit,  or  show  hut 
two  or  three  of  the  numher  so  marked;  the  colored  spots  also  on  hoth  sides  vary 
from  deep  crimson  to  ochraceous  and  are  either  with  or  without  white  pu[)ils.  \n 
short  the  variation  is  sullicient  to  include  several  distinct  sjiecies,  were  not  the  gra- 
dations so  regular  that  it  is  not  possible  to  draw  a  dividing  line.  What  I  for- 
merly described  as  Sitijii,  9,  is  undoubtedly  but  an  extreme  variation,  and  I  ])re- 
sume  this  is  the  Koinioa  of  Jjoisduval.  P.  lichri'i,  I  am  .satislied,  is  another  variety, 
distinguished  by  the  orange  color  of  the  spots  and  the  heavy  suhmarginal  lunules 
on  secondaries,  surely  distinct  enough  to  be  ranked  as  a  species  were  it  not  for  the 
many  intergrades  between  it  and  the  ty[)e. 

Mr.  ^[ead  was  fortunate  iu  obtaining  numl)ers  of  eggs  of  yinhttJiciiii  by  en- 
elosin<i;  the  females  with  the  food  ])lant.  From  some  of  these  the  drawiinis  on  the 
plate  were  madehy]\Ir.  Konopicky,  Artist  to  the  Museum  of  Comjiarative  Zoology, 
Cambridge,  through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  llagen.  X  large  number  of  drawiyigs 
of  eggs  of  other  species,  sent  by  ^Fr.  ^NTead,  and  representing  rare  Coloradian  but- 
terflies, were  r'.ade  by  the  same  distinguished  artist.  To  him  also  1  am  in<lebted 
for  the  drav  ings  of  the  abdomiujd  pouch  represented  on  the  plate. 

The  eggs  obtained  by  AEr.  ^[ead  wen*  caretully  watched,  but,  two  months  after 
they  were  deposited,  and  very  near  the  end  of  tlu;  season,  they  sliowed  no  signs  of 
hatching,  though  on  opening  some  of  them  the  living  larvic  wcyv,  foun.il.  Tlu'ref(U'e 
weare  still  ignorant  res[)ecting  their  period  or  the  habits  of  th('  lai'vtc.  If  it  had  not 
been  for  the  speedy  a[)proach  of  cold  weather,  tin;  latter  might  be  su[)posed  to 
hatch  early  in  September  and  to  spend  the  winter  iu  webs  as  do  the  larva;  of 
Melitaja.     it  was  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Mead  that  this  was  impossible  and  that  they 


i! 


PARNASSIUS   Il-lV. 

do  not  emerge  from  the  eggs  till  Spring.  (J)r.  lliigen  informs  me  tluit  it  was  ob- 
served by  Bcliii'tU'r,  as  long  ago  as  ]7")i,  that  the  caterpillars  oi'  1\  Aj)oUo  wx're 
found  in  the  months  of  March  and  April  in  Switzerland,  after  the  snow  had  gone, 
and  of  such  size  that  they  must  have  been  just  hatched,  and  have  spent  the 
winter  in  the  egg.) 

^ly  attention  has  been  called  by  ^Ir.  Bates  and  Dr.  Hagen  to  some  remarks 
on  the  nature  of  the  ]>■  li  of  the  female  Parnassian  by  Von  Siebold,  and  J)r. 
Ilagen  has  kindly  prepared  an  abstract  of  what  is  to  be  found  jiriuted  on  the  sub- 
ject. 

"A  j)aper  by  I'rof.  C  Von  Siebold  was  i)ublished  in  the  Zeitung  fiir  A\'issen- 
schaftliche  Zoologie,  IS'A),  111,  pp.  o-i — 01,  and  reprinted  Ent.  Zeit.  Stettin,  18.j1, 
XII,  2)p.  17(1 — 185.  The  lirst  part  is  only  historical  to  show  that  next  to  nothing  was 
previously  known  about  the  matter,  and  that  Dr.  Boisduval  hail  separated  JJuritis 
Apoll'inas  genericaUy  because  its  female  had  no  pouch.  Siebold  doubted  that 
this  organ  formed  part  of  the  body  and  he  found  he  could  easily  separate  it  in 
Mtic)iio>i}jne,  and  with  more  difficulty  in  Apollo,  as  in  this  species  it  is  glued 
more  strongly  by  its  broad  base  to  the  flat  underside  of  the  abdomen.  Later,  Sie- 
bold  observed  in  the  collections  females  of  Apollo  Avithout  the  })0uch,  and  con- 
cluded that  it  was  formed  in  coition  by  one  of  the  sexes  and  woulil  probably  as- 
sume the  form  externallv  of  a  cast  of  the  male  organs.  Mr.  llni>er,  IJericlite  der 
Schlesisehen  Tauschvereiner,  1844,  Xo.  V,  ]>.  •>,  had  l)efore  observed  that  females 
of  Apollo  and  Jfaeiiiotij/ne  just  emerging  from  the  chrysalis  had  no  pouch.  Tlie 
chemical  examination  by  Dr.  IJaumert  showed  that  this  apjiendage  is  soluble  in 
caustic  alkalic  as  it  would  n(jt  l)e  if  formed  of  chi^ine.  When  se[)aratetl  and  boiled 
in  the  alkali  it  easily  dissolved  and  only  some  brownish  oily  drops  remained. 

Siebold  quotes  SchieflTer,  who  gives  a  very  good  history  of  the  transformation 
of  Apollo,  "  All  spcchiic lis  possessed  this  pouch  which  were  raised  by  me.  But  in 
those  caught  in  the  mountains  the  pouch  was  seldom  unhurt;  in  specimens  that  had 
long  before  emerged,  as  was  eviilent  from  the  bad  condition  of  their  wings,  the 
pouch  was  very  nmch  damaged,  so  that  sometimes  I  was  obliged  to  look  sharply  to 
find  the  rudiments  of  it  among  the  hairs  of  the  abdomen." 

Biebold  believed  that  Schicirer's  first  statement  (the  italicised  Avords)  Avas  a 
mistake.  Mr.  Reutti,  of  Freiburg,  had  made  ex[)erim(Mits  for  Siebold  in  18")0.  lie 
took  50  caterpillars  and  from  them  raised  11  chrysalids  only,  because,  as  is  stated 
by  Schicft'er,  this  species  {Apollo)  is  difficult  to  raise.  Jjetween  1  ")th  and  2()th 
July,  he  had  4  c?,  4  ?.  The  latter  did  not  possess  the  jHmch  on  emerging  from  tin; 
chrysalis.  On  the  17iii,  at  1  P.  M. 'iuej)air  uuitCMi  and  so  remained  till  late  in  the 
night,  and  on  the  following  moi'iiiiig  the  female  had  a  avcU  formed  pouch  on  the 
abdomen.     The  female  died  fourteen  days  later,  Avithout  any  use  of  the  pouch  as 


PARNASSIUS  II-IV. 


observed  by  Mr.  Kontti,  The  formation  of  the  keel  in  Apollo,  Slebold  tliinks  de- 
pends on  tlie  size  and  form  of  the  organs  of  the  male;  the  secretion  passing  between 
the  two  claspers  wonld  form  a  keel." 

With  regard  to  the  localities  and  habits  o^  Sin  in  the  us  I  give  extracts  fntni  Mr. 
Mead's  letters.  On  the  8th  of  June,  he  writes  from  Fairplay,  South  Tark,  Colorado. 
"On  Tuesday,  I  took  a  long  walk,  about  eight  miles,  down  Turkey  Creek,  finding 
many  unfamiliar  insects.  Flying  along  the  road  W(  re  two  Papilio  Ddiiniis,  Avhich 
I  captured  on  the  wing.  Fap'dlo  liiduhis  was  j)resent  in modei-ate  numbers.  The 
two  IJurijmedori  I  send  were  on  the  flowei's  of  a  s[)ecies  of  Larkspur  which  every- 
Avhere  sends  up  its  bpi.kes  of  daric  purple  flowers.  But  what  delighted  me  was  the 
abundance  of  Snihithcas  along  the  road  side.  I  took  thirtecm  specimens,  nearly 
all  males,  and  many  of  them  so  fresh  from  chrysalis  that  the  wings  had  \wt  yet 
thoroughly  stiffened.  The  next  day  I  discovered  a  favorite  resort  of  this  s])ecics 
and  in  course  of  the  morning  captured  forty-one.  They  show  much  variation  iu 
the  number  and  size  of  the  crimson  spots.  They  were  solitary  in  their  habits  and 
fond  of  alighting  on  flowers,  but  did  not  appear  to  be  attracted  l)y  damp  spots  on 
the  ground  as  is  so  usual  with  butterflies.  Their  flight  was  well  sustained  thougli 
slow  and  within  a  few  feet  of  the  ground.  All  the  females  taken  were  j)rovided 
with  the  i)ouch." 

On  the  22nd,  "Yesterday  Mr.  B.  brought  me  a  female  Parnassius  with  an 
egg  adhering  to  the  ovi]iositor  and  said  that  it  had  dej)osited  several  eggs  on  a 
"tuft  of  grass."  On  further  inquiring  he  was  not  sure  what  the  "grass"  might  b(', 
and.I  conjectured  it  might  be  the  stone-croj),  (Sedum)  which  grows  here  abundantly, 
and  the  flowers  of  which  are  very  attractive  to  these  butterflies.  Accordingly,  on 
searching,  I  found  two  empty  egg  shells  on  the  plant,  apparently  punctured  by  some 
insect.  I  also  found  on  same  numerous  eggs  of  Fiiptoicta  Cohunhinn,  a  species 
which  swarms  everywhere  on  these  hill  sides,"  On  the  27th,  from  Turkey  Ci'cek 
Junction,  "The  Parnassians  lay  eggs  freely.  I  have  about  100,  laid  indiscrimin- 
ately on  the  box,  or  the  cloth  covering  it,  within  which  I  hud  enclosed  a  female 
with  the  food-plant.  Very  few  were  on  the  i)lant  itself"  On  the  24th  of  July, 
"  ]\ry  eggs  show  no  sign  of  hatching,  but  most  of  them  retain  their  normal  contour. 
In  regard  to  the  theory  of  the  formatior.  of  the  poucli,  it  was  suggested  that  the 
period  of  connection  between  the  sexes  of  these  butterflies  must  be  A*ery  long.  In 
that  case  I  should  have  found  many  jiairs  in  coitu,  Avhereas  I  have  not  so  found  a 
single  ])air."  On  the  2tst  of  August,  "I  opened  a  I'aniassius  egg  to-day  and  found 
a  half-developed  larva  inside  a])parently  in  a  mitural  state."  On  the  27th  of  Au- 
gust, "To  day  I  dissected  a  Parnassius  egg  carefully  and  found  a  completely  formed 
cateri)illar  entirely  black  and  somewhat  hairy." 

In  another  letter  he  exjn-esses  the  opinion  that  the  eggs  do  not  hatch  until 


PAUiNASSIUS  II-IV, 


li 


th(!  following  S[)rin<;,  iind  on  the  oth  ofSepteinlKT,  lie  writes  from  Kcnoslin  House, 
"All  the  leaves  are  tailing  or  have  ehanged  to  their  Autumnal  lints  and  naturally 
the  bntterllies  arc  fast  disaj)pearing."  ^Tr.  ]\[ead  informs  me  since  his  return,  that, 
on  the  lOth  of  January,  in  Xew  York,  some  of  these  eggs  whieh  had  ))ecn  of  lato 
kept  in  a  warm  room  Avere  found  to  have  hatchetl,  but  the  larva;  had  died  from 
want  of  nourishment. 

Mr.  ]Mead  also  state  that,  as  a  rule,  the  larger  specimens  of  Smlnthcm,  were 
taken  at  the  lower  elevations.  Tlie  tbmales  there  also  were  usually  white.  On 
the  8th  and  t)th  of  August,  at  Blue  Kiver,  in  the  Middle  Park,  at  an  elevation 
of  about  'JOOO  feet,  six  specimens  were  taken,  the  males  large  and  beautifully 
marked,  the  colors  bright  and  black  spots  distinct.  ]3ut  the  females  were  different 
from  any  others  taken  by  him,  being  characterized  by  broad  and  dark  marginal 
borders,  the  black  sj)ots  intense  and  tlu)  disks  of  a  decided,  though  pale  yellow, 
the  wings  little  obsi'ured  by  grey,  (see  fig  2,  pi.  )5.)  Another  of  smaller  size  Avaa 
of  a  deeper  yellow,  and  brilliantly  adorned,   (see  fig.  3,  pi.  3.) 

On  the  Kkh  of  August,  several  specimens  were  taken  on  the  top  of  Berthoud's 
Pass,  at  11,300  feet,  where  was  a  grassy  space  of  two  or  three  acres  extent.  Others 
were  taken  on  the  Peaks  around  Twin  Lakes,  at  about  12,000  feet.  The  males  did 
not  dilfer  from  the  usual  ty[)e,  except  in  size,  (see  fig.  1.  pi.  3,)  but  the  females 
Avere  melanized,  the  greater  part  of  the  surface  of  the  wings  being  ])la('k  and  trans- 
parent, (s(;e  figs.  4  and  5,  pi.  3.)  The  same  peculiarity  had  been  noticed  in  the 
specimens  taken  on  5th  of  August,  on  the  Continental  Divide,  elevation  11,000 
feet,  on  the  trail  from  Georgetown  to  Middle  Park  and  near  Gray's  Peaks.  jMucIi 
of  the  difference  therefore  existing  between  the  size  of  these  insects  is  owing,  as 
might  be  expected,  to  the  difference  in  elevation  at  which  they  are  found,  because 
the  severity  of  the  climate  or  the  scanty  sujjply  of  food  on  the  mountain  tops  would 
restrict  the  growth  of  the  larvae.  But  why  the  general  coloration  of  the  male  should 
be  identical  at  all  altitudes  while  the  females  present  such  differences  or  Avhy  at 
great  elevations  there  is  such  a  tendency  to  nielanization  in  the  females  alone  is 
not  clear  unless  in  some  Avay  serving  for  i)rotoction.  On  this  point  Mr.  ]\Iead 
writes,  "On  the  bleak  summits  of  the  peaks  vegetation  is  scanty  and  the  general  as- 
pect is  dark  and  sombre.  The  rocks  themselves  are  dark-colored,  and  the  lichens 
which  nearly  cover  them  are  black  and  give  the  prevailing  color.  Lower  doAvn  Avhere 
the  "bunch"  and  "gramma"  grass  can  thrive  the  prevailing  tint  is  pale  brown,  even 
during  the  height  of  the  growing  season,  as  the  dead  S2)ears  of  the  last  years  growth 
are  remarkably  persistent."  Perhaps  this  may  help  to  explain  the  melanism  of  the 
Parnassius  females  found  in  the  upper  regions.  A  somewhat  similar  illustration 
may  be  found  in  Chionobas.     C.  semidca,  a  blackish  species,  frequenting  the  Colo- 


I'AUNASSIUS   11- IV. 

riidiau  .suininits,  while  the  other  spocics  of  this  genus,  C.  clinj.ni>^  iiinl    (!.  Uldcrii, 
both  ochraeeous,  are  found  holow. 

I  do  not  know  why  Smiiilli<iiA  has  heen  assumed  to  he  a  variety  o{  Plnthiix,  as 
there  is  no  close  restMuhlanet!  between  the  speeies,  not  so  much  in  fact  as  between 
SinhUhciiH  and  JacquctnoniU,  JJois.  Pliahus  is  larger,  of  a  mons  opacpu^  while,  with 
a  tendency  in  the  males  to  yellow;  the  transi)arent  marginal  space  is  fir  broader 
und  longer  than  in  SmiidJicuH,  and  is  wanting  in  the  white  serrations  that  charar- 
teri/e  the  marginal  edge;  in  the  lattir;  the  grey  sub-apical  stripe  in  /V/rr////.v reaches 
but  a  little  way  from  eosta,  usually  only  to  lirst  discoidid  nervule;  in  SiiihilluKs  it 
is  of  all  lengths  and  frecjuently  extends  quite  across  the  wing;  in  PliorhuHiW  margin 
of  secondaries  is  immaculate;  in  Sia'uitlicus  there  are  almost  always  at  least  traces 
of  submarginal  sjjots  on  the  under  side,  and  more  often  eons])iciious  spots  on  both, 
reaching  the  extreme  shown  in  var.  Jichrii;  the  red  sjiots  in  PIkiIiks  average  twice 
the  size  of  those  in  Siiiiidhrus,  and  those  at  base  of  seeijiidai'ies,  in  both  sexes,  are 
both  laigv  and  intense;  in  S'iiilii//i<ii.'<  they  are  small,  much  replaced  by  black 
and  often  wanting  altogether  or  reju'esented  by  a  few  scales  oidy;  tin;  fiiiiges  in 
Plurhm  are  nnxed  black  and  white  at  the  ends  of  tln^  nei'vulcs,  the  black  not  dis- 
tinct; in  /Sill I II /he us  they  are  there  largely  and  distinctly  black;  the  body  u^  Phabus 
is  densely  covered  with  long  hair,  in  t^nilntlicus  very  thinly. 

As  to  the  females  the  diderences  are  still  greater  and  almost  preclude  com- 
parison. Except  in  the  jjresence  of  red  en  primaries,  the  ^i}m\x\G  Phabiis  is  much 
more  like  that  o^  Apollo. 


PARXASSIUS  EVERSMANXI. 

PiirnnsMim  ErcrnnKniiii.  ^^Icnetrie.s,  Knuni.  Corp.  Auim.  Mus.  St.  Potursbur.:;,  t'art  I,  pi.  1,  ISGo.    Scud- 
dor,  I'roc.  Bo.st.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  18G!3. 

Male. — Expands  2.5  inches. 

Upper  side  citron  yellow,  the  nervures  black  and  jn'omiiient ;  primaries  have 
a  broad,  semi-transparent  marginal  border,  preceded  by  a  row  of  yellow  lunules; 
next  anterior  to  these  a  grey  stri[)e  reaching  from  eosta  to  a  littUi  Ixdow  median  ncr- 
vure,  and  followed  bv  a  broad  yellow  band  completelv  crossina;  the  winii';  anterior 
to  this  is  a  second  grey  stripe  and  a  second  yellow  band  that  passes  around  the  end 
and  lower  side  of  cell;  both  these  bands  divided  into  spots  by  the  nervules;  in  the 
cell  two  sub-cpiadrate  yellow  spots  sc{)arated  by  a  grey  bar;  a  similar  bai-  <in  aic; 
base  of  cell  and  eosta  throughout  s])rinkled  with  black;  the  hind  ninrg'n  distinctlv 
edged  by  a  yellow  line.     tSecondaries  have  an  obsolete  sid)-marginal  row  of  grey 


PAUNASSHJS   Il-IV. 

spots,  iiuliciitt'd  l)y  tlio  prt'sonoc  of  u  siiiall  cluster  ot'scnles  near  outer  nnj^lo  and  by 
a  few  scales  in  the  several  iiitei's|)aces;  the  inuer  margin  broadly  covered  with 
black,  doubly  excavated  in  and  below  cell,  projecting  ii  point  to  end  of  cell,  and 
confluent  at  anal  angle  with  a  transverse  black  stripe  that  connects  with  the  l)lack 
discal  spot;  this  spot  is  pointed  with  red;  on  the  costa  a  large  red  spot  within  a 
black  ring;  fringes  l»lack. 

Under  side  yellow,  asliade  paler,  marked  as  above;  secondaries  have  both  cos- 
tal and  discal  red  spots  large,  equal,  and  with  white  centres;  an  elongated  red  spot 
also  within  the  l)lack  spot  at  angle;  at  base  three  rod  spots,  all  edged  without  by 
black,  the  two  lower  ones  liirge  and  the  lf)west  of  all  three  enclosing  a  white  spot. 

Body  black  above  covered  thinly  with  yellow  hairs,  below  densely  covered; 
legs  black;  palpi  yellow;  anteniue  yellow  and  black. 

From  a  single  male,  taken  by  Lieut.  AV.  II.  Dall,  in  Aliaska,  at  the  Kani- 
parts,  two  hundred  miles  below  Fort  Yukon,  June  l-jtli.  This  belongs  to  the 
Chicago  Academy  and  is  ])robably  the  only  butterfly  remaining  of  their  former 
large  and  valuable  Collection.  Fortunately,  not  long  before  the  Are,  Dr.  Stim])son 
hat)  lent  me  this  nnique,  and  for  fear  of  future  loss,  I  determined  to  figure  it.  The 
only  other  specimeji  of  which  I  have  knowledge  is  the  one  described  by  JMenetries, 
and  found  in  Siberia.  ]Mr.  Scudder  has  pointed  out  certain  dilfercnccs  that  are 
to  be  found  between  the  i)resent  specimen  and  that,  consisting  j)rincipally  in 
the  ])resence  of  red  in  the  discal  spot  on  up))cr  side  of  secondaries,  and  in  the  uji- 
per  basal  spot  of  under  side.  The  grey  bands  of  our  specimen  are  also  narrower. 
But  these  are  variations  that  constantly  occur  among  the  Parnassians,  and  I  have 
no  doubt  both  are  to  be  referred  to  one  sj)ccies. 


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NEOPHASIA. 


NEOPIiASIA  MENAPIA.     1—3. 

Neophasia  Menapia,  (Pieris)  Felder,  Weincr   .^nt.  Moiuits.   Ill,  p.  271,  1850.     /^r/.s  Tan, 
Scudder,  Proc.  l?ost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  18G1.     Ninonla,  Bois.  Lop.  do  la  Cal.  1809. 

Male.     Expands  2  iuclic^,. 

Ui)per  side  wliite  with  a  taint  pink  tinge  ;  costal  margin  of  primaries  partly  bor- 
dered iVom  base  by  a  black  band  which  curves  downward  at  extremity  covering  the 
arc ;  apical  border  black,  sinuate  within,  enclosing  from  three  to  five  subovate  wliite 
spots,  and  terminating  abruptly  on  second  median  nervule  ;  fringes  white. 

Under  side  white,  the  markings  of  upjier  surface  repeated ;  the  apical  spots 
enlarged ;  the  nervures  of  secondaries  narrowly  eilged  by  black  scales,  and  crossed 
by  a  sul)marginal  black  stripe  not  always  complete. 

Body  black  covered  above  with  white  hairs;  beneath,  thorax  white,  abdomen 
yellowish;  legs  black  and  white;  palpi  same;  antennae  black;  club  black,  tij)  pale 
fulv(jus. 

FKitALE.     Expands  2.2  inches.     Similar  to  male. 

This  fine  species  is  as  yet  rare  in  collections.  According  to  Felder  it  is  found 
in  Utah.  Boisduval  describes  it  as  coming  from  eastern  California  ;  and  jMi'. 
Scudder  as  found  abundantly  at  Gulf  of  Georgia.  Although  Felder's  description 
was  published  in  1859  and  translated  in  jNIorris's  Syiio])sis  in  18(;2,  none  of  our  col- 
lectors suspected  the  identity  of  the  species  with  Tau,  Scnuhk'r,  or  Niaonia,  Roi s. 
till  1870  and  after  the  Synopsis  of  the  Pierida?  in  this  work  liad  been  published. 
Dr.  Behr,  in  18G9,  Tram.  Am.  Fnt.  Soc.  erected  for  the  present  and  an  allied 
species  the  new  genus  Ncop/ia.^ia,  between  Fontia  and  Pirrix,  "dittering  from 
the  former  by  the  shape  of  the  wing,  and  from  the  latter  by  its  gau/e-like 
substance,  by  the  shape  and  proportions  of  the  head  and  the  slenderness  of  the 
thorax  and  abdomen."  According  to  Dr.  Behr,  both  these  species  are  found  in- 
habitinn-  the  pine  forest  region  of  the  mountain  chains  jiarallel  to  the  coast  of  the 
Pacific,  and  he  agrees  with  Mr.  Lorquin  in  the  opinion  that  the  larvae  feed  on 
some  coniferous  tree;  "an  unusual  food  for  a  Picr'is,  but  not  unknown  in  the  case 
of  certain  Australian  species." 


PIERIS  I. 


PIERIS  BECKEETT,  n.  sp.    4—7. 

Primaries  ])ro(lnce(l  ii]»ii'iilly,  slightly  cxcaviitotl  on  costal  and  hind  margins. 

jNIalk.     Expands  2  inclios. 

U2)por  side  pnre  wliiti',  the  tcxtnre  of  secondaries  slighter  than  that  of  pri- 
maries, discovering  the  s])()ts  of  under  surface;  base  of  wings  not  powdered  with 
black  as  in  allied  species;  primaries  have  the  apical  half  of  hind  margin  bordered 
by  small  Idack  patches  or  clusters  of  scales,  diminishing  in  size  to  middle  of  mar- 
gin; anterior  to  these  two  similar  sub-apical  j)atchcs  and  a  third  in  upper  median 
interspace;  on  the  arc  a  dense  black  snbrectangnlar  spit  (not  reaching  the  costa) 
with  a  central  white  streak.  (Secondaries  immaculate.  Fi  aigcs  white  except  against 
the  ui)ical  s[)Ots,  thei-e  black. 

Under  side  white;  the  nervules  at  apex  and  on  upper  hind  margin  bordered 
by  black  scales  and  sulfuscd  with  greenish  yellow;  tlie  spot  on  intei'space  black 
and  as  on  u])2jer  side;  cellular  spot  enlarged,  its  base  broadened  and  posterior  edge 
excavated. 

Secondaries  have  all  the  nervures  and  their  branches  yellow;  those  termina- 
ting on  hind  margin  edti;('(l  bv  broad  bands  of  vellow  "reen  reachina;  to  middle  of 
disk  and  connected  anteriorly;  three  large  s])ots  of  same  color  about  the  cell,  two 
being  at  the  outer  angles,  and  one  above  and  I'caching  the  costa;  another  large 
triangular  subapical  s[)ot  on  costa;  the  nervures  at  base  also  banded  with  green ;  all 
these  l)and3  and  spots  slightly  sprinkled  with  bl;    k  scales. 

Body  above  covei-ed  with  grey  hairs;  beneath,  abdomen  yellowish,  thorax 
white;  legs  wdiite;  jialpi  white,  grey  on  upper  side  and  at  tip;  antennae  white 
above  and  at  base  below,  beyond  brown;  club  black  nearly  covered  with  rows  of 
white  scales;  tip  pale  fulvous. 

Fi:m.vi.e.     Expands  L*  inches. 

Primaries  less  jiroduccd  and  broader  than  in  male;  same  shade  of  color;  the 
marginal  spots  enlarged  and  extended  to  second  branch  of  median;  in  addition  to 
the  three  submargimd  spots,  which  are  also  enlarged,  is  another  in  submedian  in- 
terspace and  a  sti'cak  below  this  along  inner  margin;  the  cellular  spot  nuu-h  en- 
larged, rhomboidal,  with  slight  central  sti'cak;  secoii(lari(>s  have  a  patch  on  costa 
and  four  on  the  marginal  nervules  comnuMicing  at  and  [)osteri()r  to  subcostal;  also 
an  intei-rupted  submarginal  stri])e  opposite  cell,  posteriorly  indistinct;  under  side 


riERIS   I. 

n,s  in  male,  except  that  a  round  black  spot  appears  in  snbine.lian  interspace  on 
prniiai'ies.  ' 

Taken  by  Mr.  Plenry  Edwards,  at  Viroinia  City,  Nevada,  April  1870,  on 
flowers  of  Brassioa.  Four  indivi.luals  were  taken,  and  those  were  the  only  ones 
Ztinct      '         '^''"''  ''  """'"'^  ^"  iV«fo^//r«  and   Occldentalis,  but  is  abundantly 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  Edwards  I  have  named  it  in  honor  (using  his  own  Ian- 

guage)     of  oneof  my  earliest  and  most  valued  entumolo.ical  friends,  Dr.  Ludwi-.- 

Becker  who  laid  down  his  noble  life  in  the  cause  of  science  in  Australia      He  wis 

attached  as  naturalist  and  draughtsman  to  the  great  expediti..n  of  Burke  and 

\\  ills  across  the  continent  from  Melbourne  to  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  and  died 

>f_fatigue  and  privation  at  Cooper's  Creek,  New  South  AVales,  in  ISOl      The 

friend  of  Humboldt,  Milne  Edwards  and  Owen,  he  possessed  a  most  observant  and 

philosophical  miiid  and  liis  papers  upon  various  subjecfs  connected  with  his  f'nor- 

ite  science  testify  ^.o  his  vast  and  varied  erudition.    I  have  always  promised  myself 

that^  I  would  commemorate  our  frieiulship  by  attaching  his  name  to  some  sn'ecies 

1  might  discover,  and  the  present  is  very  appropriate  as  a  few  moments  before  I 

took  my  first  specimen  of  this  Fleris  I  was  thinking  very  much  of  ]?ecker  and  of 

the  many  happy  collecting  days  we  had  passed  in  the  forests  of  Australia  " 


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VERNALIS  1  2  4,  3,  4  9 
VIRGINIENSIS    5  6  6,  7  8  ? 


T  Smrlairslidi "Phils, 


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PIERIS  II. 


PIERIS  VERNALIS.     1—4. 

Pliris    Vernnlk,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G4. 

Male.     Expands  1.7  inch. 

Upper  side  white;  primaries  have  small  black  serrated  spots  at  the  extremi- 
ties of  the  apical  nervures,  preceded  by  an  imperfect  abbreviated  row  of  small 
black  patches;  a  black  bar  on  the  arc.  Secondaries  more  delicate,  showing  the 
markings  of  under  side. 

Under  side  of  primaries  white;  the  spots  reproduced,  but  pale  colored  and 
ddated,  those  at  apex  tinged  with  greenish  grey;  an  additional  bhick  patch  on  sub- 
median  interspace,  sometimes  wanting.  Secondaries  have  all  the  nervures  broailly 
edged  with  greenish  grey  so  that  none  of  the  white  surface  appears  except  in  nar- 
row stripes  in  the  cell  and  interspaces;  near  hind  margin  a  band  formed  by  grey 
serrations  connecting  the  nervules. 

Body  above  covered  with  blue  grey  hairs;  beneath,  thorax  gn>y  white,  abdo- 
men yellow;  palpi  yellowish;  antennoe  black  above,  annulated  below  with  white; 
club  black  tipped  with  ferruginous. 

Female.     Expands  1.8  inch. 

Color  less  pure,  similarly  marked,  the  spots  larger,  the  discal  bar  conspicuous: 
secondaries  show  clusters  of  grey  scales  on  costa  and  at  outer  angle  and  in  the  in- 
terspaces on  the  margin  ;  under  side  as  in  the  male. 

I  have  taken  this  species  at  Coalburgh,  W.  Va.,  in  the  month  of  March,  it  be- 
ing one  of  the  earliest  butterflies  of  Spring,  but  it  is  exceedingly  rare.  I  have  also 
received  it  from  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia.  It  was  brought  by  Mr.  Ridings,  in 
181)4,  from  Colorado  and  may  perhaps  be  nuich  more  abumlant  westward.  It  much 
resembles  Protodice,  and  would  be  usually  taken  for  a  variety  of  that  species,  but 
besides  its  much  earlier  flight,  it  presents  decided  differences,  being  smaller,' of  a 
less  pure  white  and  quite  differently  marked  on  tlie  under  side  of  secondaries.  Its 
nearest  allies  are  Sysimbri,  Bois.,  a  Californian  species,  and  Calyce,  Edw.,  from 
Nevada. 


PIEUIS  1 


PIEIUS  YIUGINIEXSIS.    5—8. 

Ptirin   \'iiyiiu'<n:iiii,  KJwiirdH,  Tniii.s.  Am.  Knt.  Soo.  1S70. 

Mali:.     Expaiuls  1.7  inch. 

U]»]ier  side  white,  loss  pure  than  Olerncca  and  much  ohscured  by  grey  brown 
ecak'S  which  are  scattered  over  the  whole  surtace  hut  are  dense  on  a])('X,  cosfa  and 
basal  half  of  primaries  and  at  base  and  along  the  snI)co,stal  and  incjdian  nervures 
of  secondaries;  a  grey  i)atch  also  on  costa  of  secondaries. 

Under  side  wliite,  the  nervnres  all  bordered  witii  grey  brown,  most  conspicu- 
ously on  sub-median  of  both  Avingsandthe  branuhesofthia  nerv are  on  secondaries; 
shoulder  pale  orange. 

Body  above  blue  grey,  beneath  wliite;  palpi  white  tipped  with  grey;  antennaj 
blackish  above,  (inely  annulatetl  with  white  below;  club  black  tipped  with  yellow- 
ish. 

Fkmale.     Expands  l.i)  inch. 

Similar  to  male,  the  surface  usually  still  more  obscured. 

This  species  is  allied  to  Okracea,  from  which  it  may  be  read'^y  distinguished 
by  the  sha[)e  of  its  wings,  which  are  longer  and  narrower,  by  their  texture,  which 
is  more  delicate,  and  l)y  the  constant  presence  of  grey  scales  over  the  suri'ace.  In 
the  Kanawha  <listrict  it  rei)la(!cs  OUvivca  which  is  yet  unknown  tliere.  It  is  not 
uncommon  in  the  month  of  .May,  fre<juenting  open  woods  rather  than  gardens,  and 
in  this  respect  differing  in  habit  from  the  allied  species.  I  have  never  met  with  it 
Liter  than  June,  though  Olcmcea,  in  the  Northern  tStates,  is  most  abundant  after 
that  month  and  continues  breeding  till  the  early  autumn  fi'osts. 

I  have  received  specimens  of  V!r(/!nicits!.'i  from  Mr.  Wm.  Saundei'sof  London, 
Canada,  and  ain  informed  by  him  that  it  is  there  a  rare  insect. 

The  larvaj  of  this  grou[)  of  Pieris  feed  upon  garden  vegetables,  Brassica,  Ra- 
phanus,  Nasturtium,  and  allied  plants  in  a  wild  state,  and  are  sometimes  exceed- 
ingly destructive.  The  female  butterfly  deposits  great  numbers  of  long  slender 
l)ointed  eggs  uj)on  the  nndiu-  side  of  the  leavers,  often  a  score  or  more  upon  a  single 
leaf.  Tlu!se  eggs  are  greenish  white  in  color,  and  stand  at  right  angles  to  the 
surface.  To  an  inexperienced  person  they  might  seem  to  be  eggs  of  some  fly,  or 
the  result  of  a  disease  of  the  leaf  itself,  but  they  would  not  be  suspected  to  be  the 
eggs  of  any  butterfly. 

In  four  or  five  days  the  young  larva3  emerge,  one  tenth  of  an  inch  in  length, 
green  in  color,  reipiiring  a  keen  sight  to  disc(jver  them.  At  once  they  attack  the 
leaf  eating  a  small  hole  and  to  the  margin  of  this  they  return  when  disposed  to 
feed  till  all  the  surrounding  ])arts  are  eaten  away.  The  large  leaves  of  horse  rad- 
ish may  be  seen  entirely  consumed  in  this  way  leaving  but  the  skeleton  untouched. 


I»  I  E  R I S 


When  at  rest  the  krvre  lie  extondod  upon  tin;  snrfiico  of  the  loaf,  generally  alonj; 
one  of  the  ribs  or  in  a  depression,  and  as  tliev  retain  their  j;reen  eolor  to  maturity 
they  are  efleetwaily  sereciicd  from  iiulieo.  W'iieii  iiiiituns  they  are  aliout  one  iinh 
in  lenji'tli,  eyiii  hieal,  covered  with  line  white  papilhi;  from  eiii'h  <>f  vhicii  is  emit- 
ted u  single  short  hair.  The  chrysalids  are  brownish  white  marked  aiiterinriy  b\ 
a  few  jioints  and  short  lines  of  bliielc,  and  are  (listingnishable  from  tiiosc*  of  any 
otlier  geinis  by  angular  ridges  on  the  baek  of  the;  wing  envers  and  he;id.  'J'hey 
may  be  seen  attaehed  to  fences  and  buildings  near  the  food  jtlant,  or  to  tlie  ]ihints 
themselves.  This  deseriptioti  will  apj)ly  either  to  O/cmccn,  or  Jin/Kif,  which  in 
both  larval  and  chrysalis  states  are  extremely  alike.  And  doubtless  will  be 
found  to  ajjply  as  well  to  the  same  stages  of  Viri/inumls. 

Fortiniately  multitudes  of  these  insects  are  destroyed  by  small  iehueumon-fHes 
which  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  very  young  larvie.  From  these  |)roceed  gi'iibs 
which  feed  u[)on  the  sul)stance  of  tiie  lai'va,  but  instinctively  avoid  any  vital  part. 
In  due  time  the  larva  becomes  a  chrysalis  and  shortly  after  the  matured  grid»s 
eat  their  Avay  out  ami  soon  become  Hies,  while  nothing  is  left  of  the  chrysalis 
but  the  emi)ty  ^hell. 

Until  within  a  few  years,  Olcracca  Avas  considered  to  be  our  only  eastern  spe- 
cies of  this  group,  and  although  in  its  larval  stati;  somewhat  destructive  yet  was 
never  so  much  so  as  to  excite  alarm.  But  of  late  /■'.  liapae,  an  Euro[)ean  Hj)e('ies, 
and  a  pest  of  that  continent,  has  been  introducetl,  first  being  seen  in  the  vicinity 
of  Quebec.  From  ])robal»iy  two  or  three  individuals  and  from  that  centre  it  has 
rapidly  increased,  and,  year  by  year,  made  its  way  ^outh  and  \\'est  till  it  swarms 
in  many  [)arts  of  xSew  York  and  New  Jersey  and  in  Ohio.  Already  the  loss  to  the 
cabbage  crop  alone  begins  to  be  estimated  at  millions  of  dollars  annually,  and  it  is 
probable  'hat  this  species  will  continue  to  extend  its  area  till  it  lias  taki  n  ])0sses- 
sion  of  the  whole  continent  east  of  the  iiockv  ^fountains. 


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ANTHOi^VUlS   I 


/VXTIIOCAUIS  JiEAKIKTI].     I— 1. 

AntUocarix  Rfal-iftH,  Eilwiivls,  Tnms.  Am.  Eiit.  Sdc,  18r,!). 

Malk.     Expands  l.;5  to  l.-")  iiicli. 

rppcr  side  soiled  wliitc,  lilnckisli  at,  l)aso;  ])riniarios  liavo  a  large  bright  or- 
ange ai)ieal  patch,  as  in  Sam,  edged  on  the  apex  by  blaek  as  in  that,  sjieeies,  with 
serrated  blaek  spots  also  npon  the  hind  margin;  a  narrow  bar,  straight,  -lightly 
irrcguhir  on  its  edges  and  of  neai'ly  uiiiforin  intensity  of  l)laek,  crosses  tlie  wing 
from  middle  of  costa  to  inner  angle;  costal  edge  much  specked  with  black  scales; 
fringe  alternate  white  and  black. 

Secondaries  have  three  or  four  patches  of  black  at  tips  of  njiper  nervules ; 
fringe  white,  black  at  ends  of  nervules. 

Tnder  side  white;  the  orange  spots  reduced  and  paler;  costa  of  jirimaries  and 
the  whole  space  on  apex  and  margin  outside  tlu^  oi-anLi'e,  (h-nsely  covered  with  green 
[)atches;  on  the  arc  a  heiit  bar ;  secondaries  densely  and  nnifurndy  coveicd  fr(jni 
l)ase  to  mai'gin  by  iai'ge  gi'cen  patches. 

Fr.MAi.i;.  Expands  1.7  iiii'h.  Same  color  as  male;  costal  margin  slightly 
specked;  the  orange  spots  paler  and  narrower,  reaching  fromcusta  to  hind  margin, 
not  ediii'd  bv  black  on  inner  side,  but  on  outer  i)y  a  siiuious  band,  l)etweeu  which 
and  the  ajiical  border  is  a  series  of  sei'rated  s[)()ts,  often  continent ;  tlu^  band  con- 
nected with  the  triangular  nmrginal  spots  by  black  nervures;  on  the  arc  a  bent 
bar,  starting  from  costal  edge;  beneath  as  in  the  male,  except  that  eosta,  margins 
aiul  secondaries  are  nnich  less  spotted  with  green. 

California.  Vicinity  of  San  Francisco.  From  specimens  in  my  own  collec- 
tion and  those  of  Messrs.  Reakirt  and  Henry  Edwards,  and  I))-.  Uehr. 

The  distinctness  of  the  })resent  s]iecies  from  Surn  was  first  pointed  (ait  to  me 
by  ]\Ir.  Ivcakirt  and  [  have  since  learned  that  ewr  ( 'alifoi'uian  le|)idopterists  had 
assured  thciiiselves  of  the  same  thing.  Ihit  I  am  not  at  all  cei'lain  that  this  is  not 
the  species  intendeil  to  be  descrilu'd  by  Dr.  IJoisdiival.  1  lis  description  applies 
eniiallv  well  to  either  form,  but  as  our  collci'tors  have  agreeij  in  calling  the  larger 
Sara,  1   have  no  hesitation  in  following  ti.em. 

The  males  of  the  two  species  much  resemble  each  olheroii  the  upper  side  ex- 
cent  in  si/.e.  S(ir(t  expanding  more  by  three  or  four  teiilhs.  in  Snra  /  the  blacdc 
discal  banil  is  waved  and  of  faint  color.  [\\  Sara  %  thediscul  bar  is  separated  from 
the  c.ista.  In  JkCi/.-irfii '  the  costal  margin  of  primaries  is  alwaxs  irrorated,  and  tlu; 
UMriiin  of  secondaries  ii:j  never  without  black  sj)ots.    Uu  the  under  side  it  is  much 


ANTIIOCAUIS    I. 

more  and  diiriTciitly  marked  with  ifroi-n.  The  yellow  form  is  also  wholly  wanting 
\\\  Rcakirlii.  In  a  letter  fVom  Air.  Henry  Edwards  dated  September,  1G()!),  he 
says. — "This  8i)eeies  is  one  of  the  earliest  inseets  of  our  spring,  and  may  be  seen 
even  so  soon  as  Alareh  if  the  season  be  favorable.  As  far  as  my  own  observation 
goes  it  is  found  generally  in  oak  groves,  flying  abont  flowers,  and  is  but  rarely  seen 
in  open  })asturcs;  liking  shade  anil  flying  rapidly  from  flower  to  flower.  It  rarely 
alights,  and  is  diflienlt  to  take  on  the  wing,  1  have  met  with  it  chiefly  in  the 
nei-j'hljorhood  of  l^an  Fi'anciseo,  As  to  Sara,  I  first  met  with  it  two  vears  au;o  in 
.Santa  Chira  Co.,  and  was  at  once  struck  by  its  larger  size,  the  yellow  color  of  most 
of  the  females,  and  the  al)sence  of  th(!  irrorated  line  along  tho  anterior  margin,  as 
well  as  by  the  much  fainter  green  markings  on  the  under  side  of  lower  wings. 
Uidike  lieakirtit,  this  species  seems  to  prefer  the  open  fields,  flies  much  more  slow- 
ly, aiid  alights  often  upon  flowers  of  Brassicu',  Nasturtium,  etc.  I  am  so  accusto- 
med to  the  two  forms  that  I  can  now  distinguish  them  by  the  Jiight  alone.  S'nra 
appears  early  in  Alay,  or  jjrobably  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  .State  as  soon  as  xVp- 
ri!.  and  continues  on  the  wing  until  August.  Probably  at  least  one-half  the  fe- 
males are  moro  or  less  tinged  with  yellow." 


ANTIIOCARIS  COOPEKII.    5—8. 

Anthncarix  Cooperii,  Uelir,  Triiiis.  Aiu.  Ent.  Soc,  1869.  Angelina,  Boisduval,  Lep.  do  la  Cal'o., 
18(;0. 

Al.vi.E.     Ex[)an(ls  1.4  inch. 

U])per  side  soiled  white  with  a  yellow  tinge,  much  irrorated  with  black  at  base 
of  wings;  primaries  have  a  small  j)ale  orange  sub-apical  patch,  as  in  female /i'm/'- 
//■///,  edged  at  apex  by  spots  of  greenish-black,  i)artly  united  into  a  band;  on  the 
arc  a  narrow,  nearly  straight  blackish  bar,  not  quite  reaching  thecosta;  fringes 
white,  the  nervules  on  j)rimaries  largely  and  on  secondaries  slightly  tipped  with 
black. 

lender  side  of  primaries  white ;  the  orange  2)atch  rejjeated,  bui  paler ;  apex 
tinged  with  green  and,  as  well  as  eosta,  somewhat  irrorated  with  greenish-black ; 
discal  spot  nearly  obsolete. 

Secondaries  nuich  covered  by  yellow-green  patches,  most  dense  next  base. 

I^ody  abovi'  grey,  beneath,  thorax  covered  by  yellow  hairs;  palpi  white  tip- 
])ed  Viitb  grey. 

Female.  Expands  1.5  inch.  Same  color  as  male;  the  orange  patch  want- 
ing, but  the  nervules  witiiin  the  space  orange;  a))ical  spots  sejiarated  and  less  dis- 
tinct. Under  side  of  ])rimaries  have  the  apex  de^ndedly  greenish-yellow;  in  oth- 
er resi)ects  like  the  male. 

From  S;iii  Diego,  California;  Collection  of  Dr.  13ehr. 


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ANTIIOCARLS  SARA.     1— .'). 

IJnisduviil,  Ann.  I'liit.  Soc.  de  Vr.  1852. 
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'jXiKiiKis  ::  inciK'.s 


Uppor  sido  piiro  wliito,  hlackisli  at  Inise ;  primurit'.s  liavc  a  large  bri^lit  oran!i;e 
apical  2)atcli,  l)roa(lly  eiI;i;iHl  at  apox  ot'Avlni^  \>y  hhKtk  and  ciiclosiiii;  on  liiiid  iiiar- 
t^iii  two  soi'nitt'd  black  rii)()t.s;  jxvsturiorly  edged  Ity  a  broad  black  band  wliicli  cx- 
tcuils  from  costal  edge  acros-t  tbo  cell,  covering  tlie  arc,  and  coimect?4  witli  a  waved 
band  of  ".rr')gular  width  and  le.srf  intensity  of  color  that  reaches  to  inner  angle; 
costal  margin  .-lightly  specked  with  black;  secondaries  usnally  immaculate,  but 
sometimes  marked  by  small  black  patches  on  the  ends  of  the  nervules,  especially 
at  and  near  the  outer  angle;  fring;^  of  primaries  alti'rnate  yellowish  and  black,  of 
secondaries  white,  except  at  tips  of  nervules  Avhero  it  is  l)lacl:. 

Under  side  white  tinged  with  yellow  on  hind  margin  and  apex  of  primaries  ; 
the  orange  spot  reduced,  pale ;  apex  specked  with  black  ;  on  the  art;  a  broken 
black  bar.  Hecond  iries  have  the  nervuri;s  yellow,  and  iho  surface  covered  thinly 
and  irregularly  with  greenish  points  and  patche-s. 

Ji(jdy  above  covered  with  grey  hairs;  beneath,  al)domen  yellowish,  tli-irax 
white;  pal[)i  white  tipped  with  grey  ;  autenme  brown  above,  Avhitish  below  :  club 
black,  white  at  tip. 

Fk.mali:.     .Same  size. 

Upper  side  color  of  male ;  the  orange  patch  paler  and  narrower,  no',  bordered 
with  black  on  inner  .side,  but  edgi^l  witliout  by  a  siinions  blackish  band  or  stripe 
more  or  less  complete,  betwetm  which  and  the  blackish  apical  borJer  are  serrated 
white  spots,  sometimes  confluent ;  discal  mark,  a  bent  bar  not  vjxteudiug  beyond 
the  arc  :  under  side  as  in  male. 

Vdrlciij  A,    Female. — Upper  side  pale  yellow,  marked  as  in  the  type. 

California.  Found  especially  in  Santa  Clara  County:  rare  in  vicinity  of  San 
Francisco,  where  it  is  r(>i)laced  by  A.  Jintk-uiii.  Accortling  to  Mr.  Henry  Ed- 
wards, nearly  one  half  f)f  the  females  are  of  the  yellow  variety 

(See  notes  on  A.  licahirt'u.) 


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CO  LI  AS  I. 


(OLIAS    AI.KXANDKA.     1—1. 

CdHux  Mr.riinilrn.      %  9.    Kdv/anls.  I'm.'.  Knt.  Sur.  I'liilii.  ii,  p.  11.      iM'i.".. 

Mali:.      I^xpaiuls  truiii  l.l*  t(»  li.'J  iiiclns. 

rplKT  side  liriglit  Iciiioti-ycllnw,  willi  a  ^irrciiisli  tiiinc  <in  tlic  inner  Iiiilf  of 
secoiularics ;  Itasc  of  wiiijjs  and  cdsta  of  priinaiics  slii^liily  |)o\v(U'ri'(l  with  lilack 
scales;   friiijfc  yellow. 

I'riiiiaries  liave  a  Itroail  iiiaek  inariiiiial  liaiid,  the  inner  edj^e  of  whieli  is  usu- 
ally not  crenated,  hut  is  |iarallel  to  the  niariiin,  with  a  small  ani^nlar  projection  upon 
the  subniedian  inter-spacc;  at  the  apex  it  curves  slijflitly  and  extends  a  little  way 
alon<?  the  costal  inar<riu,  h'ss  than  in  C  /'/li/'xHcc ;  on  the  inner  niaruin  it  ti-rnii- 
nates  as  in  tiiat  species;  this  hand  is  crossed  to  the  fringe  ly  the  yellow  nervidcs; 
on  the  arc  is  a  narrow  lilack  mark,  in  length  not  exccedinj;  half  the  arc,  sometimes 
u  little  dilated  and  then  enclosiuji;  a  yellow  poirit. 

Secondaries  have  a  narrow  maririn  terminating;  acutely  iK'forc  the  anal  an<:;le, 
crenatcd  within  antl  crossed  hy  tli<' yellow  nervures:  sometimes  nn  the  arc  is  a  mi- 
nute spot  of  ]>alcr  cohtr,  hut  this  is  usually  wantinji;. 

Under  side:  primaries  sajne  yellow  as  al>ovc,  pale  at  apex  and  on  inner  mar- 
gin; costal  margin  slightly  powdered  with  minute  hlack  scales  and  edged  with  pale 
roseate ;  discal  spot  as  ahov<' ;  otherwise  imtna"ulatc.  S'condaries  whollv  greenish- 
yellow,  covered  with  l)lack  scales;  .liscal  spot  small,  rounde<l,  silver-white,  without 
II  border;  otherwise  immaculate ;  nor  is  tlu're  a  jiink  tinge  at  base  as  in  l'/u7in(icf 
and  many  species  of  (o//(m,*  edge  of  costa  pale  roseate  to  the  end  of  the  costal  ncr- 
vure  only;  fringe  of  both  wings  yellow. 

Pal[)i  pale  yellow ;  legs  and  anteunie  pale  roseate  ;  club  blackish  above,  brown- 
ish-yellow below  and  at  tip. 

Fkmai.k.     Expands  2.'A  inches. 

L'jiper  side  less  brightly  colored,  having  a  greenish  tinge  throughout,  and  with- 
out a  marginal  band;  fringe  yellow  and  otherwise  as  in  the  male. 

Variety  (/,     Fi'male  ;  expands  '2.i  inches. 

Primaries  have  the  api'x  Ithiish-white.  and  an  obsolete  macular  hand,  indica- 
ted only  by  clusters  of  sc;des  along  the  margin  and  apex  and  l»y  a  line  of  scales 
anterior  to  these ;  on  the  under  side  of  .seconchiries  the  hind  and  inner  margins  have 
a  bluish  tint. 


COMAS  I. 

From  Colorado.  Mr.  .riimos  Ki(liii}>;s,  who  colloctod  in  that  r('<;ion  in  1804, 
informs  mc  thut  he  took  this  spt'cii's  at  Kmpirc  City,  hij^h  up  in  th(!  mountains 
near  the  Bnowy  Kango,  in  the  month  of  August ;  that  it  wa.s  moderately  abundant 
but  very  wild  and  dillieult  to  capture  on  account  of  the  unevenness  of  the  ground. 


COLIAS    HELENA.    5—7. 

Colias  Hckna  CHol'-o-im)     I  $  .  Edward-s,  I'roc.  Kiit.  Soc.  Phila.  ii,  p.  80.     1803, 

Male.     Expands  1.")  inch. 

Upper  .side  greonish-ycllow,  deepest  colored  on  secondaries,  sprinkled  with 
black  on  the  costa  of  primaries  and  at  the  base  of  the  wings ;  border  of  primaries 
broad,  black,  much  advanced  on  the  costa,  not  crossed  by  yellow  nervures  ;  that  of 
secondaries  of  medium  width,  short,  terminating  midway  on  the  margin  ;  both  bor- 
ders erose  on  inner  edge;  primaries  have  a  slender,  black,  discal  mark;  second- 
aries only  an  indistinct  ])ale  point;   fringes  rose-red. 

Under  side:  primaries  in  color  nnich  as  above,  with  a  similar  discal  maik; 
secondaries  dark  greenish-yellow,  covered  with  fine  black  scales ;  discal  spot  small, 
round,  silver-white,  with  no  border;  at  the  base  a  few  rosy  scales;  body  black 
above,  yellow  beneath;  collar  rosy;  pal])i  yellow  with  rosy  hairs  at  extremity  ;  legs 
and  antenna;  rosy  ;  club  brown. 

Ff.malk.     Ex})ands  1.7  inch. 

Upper  side  .soiled  white  with  a  slight  green  tinge;  primaries  have  a  brownish- 
black  border,  very  broad  at  the  apex,  terminating  in  a  jwint  at  the  inner  angle,  the 
inner  edge  on  the  inferior  nervules  emarginated  ;  secondaries  have  a  narrow  border 
at  outer  angle  only  ;  discal  spots  as  in  the  male;  fringes  rose-red. 

Under  side  :  primaries  same  white  as  above,  the  apex  and  costal  margin  washed 
with  yellow ;  secondaries  as  in  the  nude. 

From  Mackenzie's  lliver,  taken  by  Mrs.  Koss,  in  1802. 


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COLIAS  11. 


CO  LIAS    CIIKISTJNA.     1—1. 

('ni;,i*  (Vn-lfllifi.      J>  9.   Ivlwaids.  I'n.f    Miit.  Sec.  I'liila.  ii.  p.  7'.».      1S03. 

M All',,     Kxpaiids  2.1  inclics. 

r|>|i('r  siilc :  priniiiriiN  lirinlit  yellow,  with  a  Inrije  (Iccp-dranj:;!'  pat<'li  on  fho 
disk,  wliicli  rca<'Iics  iicitluT  the  costa  nor  llic  I)mm',  and  o('cii|iics  alioiit  onc-iialt' the 
Kjiaco  inside  the  Itorder;  the  liorder  is  ln'oad,  Mack,  crossed  hy  the  yellow  nervures 
nearly  or  (|uite  to  the  niarjiin,  and  resernhles  ('.  HKn/lhrnii'  in  the  outline  of  its 
inner  e<life;  discal  spot  small  and  hhu'k  ;  edn'c  of  cosla  rose-red. 

Secondaries  lemon-yellow  witii  ii  pale  oranjie  patch  which  is  coidined  to  the 
outer  lindt,  reachinj;  neither  th(M'osta  nor  ahdominal  inariiin  ;  the  honler  narrow, 
with  a  very  even  inner  ed<;e,  also  crossed  hy  the  yellow  nervures;  discal  spot  large, 
deep-oianiic ;  Irinj^e  of  huth  wings  long,  rose-red. 

I'nderside:  primaries  same  yellow,  the  hasal  half  |iale-orar.^e ;  coital  mar- 
gin spriid<led  with  line  hlack  scales;  hetween  the  nervnles  three  or  linir  sul>-mar- 
ginal  hrown  points  or  clusters  of  sc;des ;  dise:d  spot  as  al>ove. 

Secondaries  more  greenish,  covered  uniformly  with  line  iilack  scales ;  an  oh- 
solele  sMh-margiual  row  of  hrowii  |ioints;  discal  spot  small,  round,  silver-wiiitc,  in 
a  reildish-hrowu  circlet  ahout  which  area  few  scales  of  same  coloi- ;  a  few  rosy 
scales  !ii  the  hase;  fringe  and  costal  edge  of  each  wing  rose-red;  palpi  pale  yellow; 
legs  and  auteniiie  rosy;  clnh  hlackish. 

In  three  specimens  out  of  four  there  were  no  traces  of  the  suh-marginal  points. 

I'i.MAi.i:.      lApands  'l.'\  inches. 

Upper  side  wholly  pale  yellow,  without  a  hordei' ;  dlscal  spots  as  in  tlu'  male, 
that  of  secondaries  heing  more  yellowish;  fringes  rose-i'cd. 

Tiider  side  paler  and  immaculate,  excej)ting  the  discal  spots;  the  hasal  half 
of  jirimaries  hrownish-yellow  insteail  of  orange;  otherwise  like  the  male. 

Taken  at  the  jtortage  of  Slave  River,  hy  Mrs.  IJeruard  (_'.  Koss,  late  (jf  Fort 
Simjjson,  in  18(12. 


COLIAS   II. 

f'or.iAs  !{i:ni{ii.   0—7. 

Cofiat)  lirhrii.      %  9     KilwarilH,  I'r.ic.  Kill.  Soc    I'liilii,  vi.  |.,  2()1.      ISnO. 

^r.VI.r..       I'xpilllds  !..'»  inch. 

rppcr  side  j^ifciiisli-vcilnw,  imicli  s|)i-iiiklc<l  with  miimti'  hliick  hcsiIoh,  cspoci- 
iill\  (111  |trimiiri<'s ;  hasc  of  wiii^s  Muck  ;  hiixl  iiiar^in  of  |>riiiiarii>H  hroiidly  ('<l<i;»'(l 
witli  Muck,  which  is  covered  with  ;frcciiish-y«'llow  scales  and  not  dearly  defined  on 
the  inner  side;  the  iiiai'ninal  holder  of  secondaries  is  clear  hiack.of  niediiiin  width, 
well  defmcil  on  inner  side,  ciirvinj^  re^idarly,  with  no  |»roniiiient  projections,  and 
tenniiuuinii  a  little  short  of  the  anal  aii;,de;  costa  of  primaries  rose-colored;  diseal 
Bpot  a  ininiite  yellow  streak  ed<;ed  with  liiack  scales;  discul  spot  of  secondaries 
small,  round  and  yellow;  friii<i;es  ^frecnish-yt'llow. 

I'ndi'r  side  j;reenish-yellow,  paler  than  secondaries  altovc,  entirely  specked 
with  hlack  scales,  except  on  inner  inarj;in  of  primaries,  where  the  color  is  whitish; 
diseal  spot  of  primaries  a  yellow  streak,  of  secondaries  minute,  yell((W,  edged  with 
a  few  rosy  scales;  costa  of  each  wing  rose-colored;  ahdomen  and  pal]>i  greenish- 
yellow  ;   legs  and  anteniiie  rose-colored. 

Ki'.mam:.  a  little  larger  than  i\w  male,  paler  green,  the  marginal  Mack  bor- 
der less  distinct  and  more  expanded  at  apex  of  primaries;  fiinges  both  above  and 
below  roseate,  in  contrast  to  the  fringes  of  the  male,  which  are  yellow. 

From  two  males,  and  one  female,  received  fnmi  Dr.  Herman  liohr,  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  taken  by  members  of  the  State  (Jeological  Survey  among  the  Yo  Se- 
mite mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  about  lO.tMH)  feet  above  the  sea. 


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COLfAS  111. 


COLIAS  EURYTHEME.    1—6. 

CoUiis  Eim/thini'',  (Ku-rvtli'-e-iiio ).  Hoisdiival.  Ami.  Hut.  Soi'.  ilo  Fr.  1S.')2.     Am^ifu'iIi'Mi,  UoisJ. 
ill.  JMum,  Var.  (hil!/,>rn!rn,  :Murietri('-.s,  Cat.  Imp.  Ai;ad.  Sci.  St.  Tetorsb.  Edum  ?  lioLsd.  aud  Uec.  p.  Gl. 

^[ali;.     Expands  2  to  2^^  iiu-lio.s. 

l'I)per  side  uniform  I)rio]it  orango,  with  an  opaline  reflection  ;  eo,stal  and  abdo- 
iiininl  inargin.s  sulpliur  yellow  ;  ba.se  of  primaries  covered  with  black  scales  which 
e.xteiul  a  little  way  alon<i;  inner  marsiin  ;  base  of  secondaries  covered  in  .'•ame  man- 
ner as  also  part  of  cell  and  of  lower  median  interspaces;  primaries  have  a  large 
black  sub-ovate  di.scal  spot;  marginal  band  l)roa(l,  black,  crossed  at  apex  by  yel- 
low iiervule.s,  the  general  direction  of  the  inner  edge,  from  submedian  to  di.seo-cen- 
tral,  being  parallel  to  the  margin,  sometimes  crenulate  and  sometimes  nearly  .straight, 
with  a  slight  pnjpjection  on  the  sub-median ;  from  the  disco-central  curving  to  co.s- 
tal  edge  and  diminishing  to  a  point  at  about  one-third  the  distance  from  ape.x; ;  on 
iinier  margin  throwing  out  an  acuminate  branch,  which  is  depressed  on  ui)pei'  side 
and  terminates  nearly  at  the  middle  of  margin. 

Secondaries  have  the  border  one-half  the  width  of  that  of  primaries,  erose  with- 
ni,  counnencing  half  way  between  the  co,stal  and  ui)per  branch  of  sub-costal  and 
ending  at  first  branch  of  median  ;  a  rounded  deej)  orange  discal  spot,  upon  the  an- 
terior edge  of  which  is  .sometimes  a  dot  of  same  color;  fringes  yellow  at  base,  ro.se- 
ate  at  extremity. 

L  nder  side  deep  yellow,  usually  with  an  orange  tinge  upon  disk  of  primaries  ; 
costal  margin  of  primaries  and  disk  lightly  powdered  with  fine  black  scales ;  a 
sub-marginal  transverse  row  of  small  black  patches,  the  three  lower  distinct,  others 
more  or  less  obsolete;  three  black  dots  in  the  sub-costo-apical  interspaces  near  the 
edge;  di.scal  spot  black, oval, enclosing  a  .streak  which  is  yellow, or  sometimes  mar- 
garitaceous. 

Secondaries  have  a  row  of  faint  brown  points  j)arallel  to  margin,  a  small  patch 
on  costa  ;  a  round  discal  inargaritaceous  spot,  in  a  brown  ring,  about  which  is  a 
second,  paler  and  broader;  at  in.sertion  of  median  a  small  red  spot;  costal  edges 
and  fringes  0+'  !'^i'.  >\'nigs  roseate. 

Body  aoove  covered  with  greenish-yellow  hairs,  which,  on  the- collar,  are 
ro,seate  at  extremity;  abdomen  black  above,  partly  covered  with  yellow  scales; 
under  side  yellow;  legs  pale  roseate;  palpi  yellow  beneath,  black  above;  an- 
tennae and  club  pale  roseate. 


CO  LI  AS  IIL 


Fkmai.k.     Expands  '_*.")  iiiclus. 

Upper  side  oranifc,  less  pure  than  in  male,  much  obscnri'd  by  black  scales  at 
base  <)f'])riniarics  and  over  whole  of  secondaries  ;  often,  however,  the  color  is  <^reen- 
Ish-yellow  with  a  deep  oranij;e  tint  upon  the  disk  and  inner  margin  (»f  primaries 
and  a  slight  flush  of  same  over  secuiidaries ;  primaries  have  the  niarj^inal  border 
broad,  dilated  at  apex,  nuich  advanced  on  eosta,  the  inner  edpie  not  clearly  defnied, 
with  two  deep  sinuses  on  the  sub-median  and  up])er  median  interspaces;  within 
the  border  a  transverse,  yellow,  macular  liajid,  of  which  the  .spot  in  median  inter- 
8])aco  is  usually  wantinj;;  discal  spot  large,  nearly  rouml. 

Secondaries  have  the  border  irregular,  dilated  at  upper  end  and  [)artly  enclos- 
ing a  yellow  macular  baml ;  discal  spot  and  fringes  as  in  male. 

Un(h'r  side  |ial(  yellow,  or  greenish-yellow,  (according  to  the  prevalence  of 
orange  or  greenish-yi'Uow  on  upper  side,)  tinted  with  orang(!  on  disk  of  [)rimuries; 
the  sub-marginal  jiatches  and  points  distinct;  discal  spots  as  in  male,  that  of  pri- 
maries having  the  central  spot  conspicious. 

Variety  A,  4".     Color  above  and  below  greenish-white ;  marked  as  in  the  type. 

Lauva  :  mature,  length  1.1  iiicli.  Dorsal  surface  dark  velvety  green,  linely 
jdicated  transversely.  On  either  side  a  narrow  white  line  on  which  are  irregular 
patches  of  briglit  vermillion,  some  »jf  which  are  oeeasionally  shaded  with  orange 
yellow.     Underside  g'.een. 

CuiiYsALis  light  grei'U,  with  a  stigmatal  yellow  line,  above  which  is  a  brown 
',toint  on  each  segment ;  a  sub-dorsal  brown  patch  commencing  at  edge  of  wing  cov- 
ers and  occujtying  two  or  three  .-segments.     Length  .'Jo  inch. 

Vaut  greenish  wliite,  translucent,  ])ointed  at  one  end  and  truncated  at  the  other, 
ribbed  longitudinally  with  transverse  strite  between.  Length,  .030  inch,  greatest 
width  .00!)  inch. 

From  notes  by  L.  K.  llayhurst,  Esq.,  Sedalia,  Missouri,  who  succeeded  in  rais- 
ing the  larvie  from  eggs  depijsited  l)y  a  female  in  captivity.  The  larva.'  fed  upon 
Trifolium  repens  (white  clover)  and  T.  retlexum  (Buffalo  grass).  The  eggs  hatched 
July  1st ;  changed  to  pupa'  July  Lnh  and  the  butterflies  emerged  July  24th.  Mr. 
llayhurst  adds,  "the  larvse  are  .scarcely  different  from  those  of  C  Fliilodlcc,  except 
in  being  larger  and  having  the  Literal  .spots  of  a  brighter  scarlet." 

According  to  Dr.  IJehr,  "the  caterpillar  is  of  a  lively  green  with  a  brimstone 
colored  stripe  ab(j\e  the  feet,  and  feeds  upon  a  specie;,  of  llosackia,  and  i)robably 
other  liguminous  plants."  This  species  is  widely  distributed  over  the  western  part 
of  the  Continent,  both  in  tiie  Mississippi  valley  and  on  the  Pacific  slope.  Dr.  Behr 
says  "it  is  very  eonunon  in  California,"  and  it  also  is  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Orleans 
and  in  pait  (jf  Texas.  Very  rarely  specimens  have  been  taken  east  of  the  AUe- 
ghanies.     1  have  never  met  vv'ith  it  myself,  either  in  New  York,  New  Jersey  or  even 


COLIAS   III, 


in  West  Virginia.  Nor  liave  I  received  it  from  (loorgiti,  although  large  miscel- 
laneous collections  have  heen  sent  me  from  that  Htate.  Mr.  Keai<irt  has  taken  a 
single  s])ecimen  at  New  Castle,  Delaware.  This  is  supposed  to  be  the  species  form- 
erly mentioned  ])y  autliors  as  Ediua,  Avhieh  it  somewhat,  hut  by  no  means  closely, 
resembles.  Boisduval  ct  Leconte  say  of  this  luhtsa,  "it  is  found  in  the  S])ring,  but 
esi)ecially  in  the  Autuuni,  in  the  fields  in  the  vicinity  of  Xcw  York,  less  common 
than  F/i!hdirr;"  (a  S2)ecies  which  swarms  in  that  region).  Wliich  of  course  is 
erroneous.  The  ociuunon  and  careless  i)ractice  of  pronouncing  American  insects 
identical  with  European  has  led  to  endl(>ss  perplexity.  No  geinis  has  suHered 
more  in  this  respect  tlian  Ch/!u.i,  as  the  names  JLi<ilr,\Pal,vno,  PlummoHc,  Xastes, 
JEdusa,  and  CInjHothnne  show.  Excei)ting  XnsUs,  wliich  comes  to  us  from  Labra- 
dor, it  is  more  than  doid)tful   if  one  of  these  is  American. 

It  is  dillicult  to  say  whether  the  present  species  is  the  one  designated  as  Eury- 
themehy  Dr.  Boisduval  or  not,  as  his  short  an.l  very  general  description  wouUl  at- 
tach to  almost  any  orange  Cu/!a4  whatever.  But  of  late  years  this  name  has  been 
so  api)lied  by  American  lepidopterists,  the  species  I  have  separated  as  Kecwaydln 
being  regarded  as  a  variety  only. 

It  is  uncertain  also  what  the  brief  mention  of  Amphidum  was  intended  to  cover. 
This  is  described  as  "wholly  like  Edusa,  having  the  border  of  the  same  form  and" 
breadth"  only  wanting  the  glandular  space  that  characterises  that  si)ecies.  Its  lo- 
cality is  given  as  the  North  of  California,  and  we  are  told  that  it  is  "perhaps  but  a 
variety  of  the  preceeding,"  (Eurythrmc.)  Xo  such  form  is  known  in  any  of  the 
large  Californian  collections  to  which  I  have  luul  access. 


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COLIAS   IV. 


C0LIA8  KEEWAYDIX,  ii.  sp.     1—9. 

Malk.     Expancln  from  1.(5  to  1.8  inehoH. 

Upper  side  8uli)lmr  yellow,  the  disk  of  both  wiii^s  more  or  less  tinted  with 
orange,  which  oeeasioiially  luw  im  opuliue  rellectioii ;  on  primaries  the  orange  is 
deepest  next  base  and  on  inner  margin,  towards  hind  margin  insiiisilily  passing 
into  yell<iw;  on  Beeontlaries  the  tint  is  less  deep,  extends  <piite  up  to  the  marginal 
border  bnt  lades  into  yellow  ttjwards  costal  and  al)il(iniinal  margin;  base  thickly 
powdered  with  black  which  extends  a  little  way  along  inner  margin  of  primaries, 
and,  on  secondaries,  covers  part  of  the  cell  and  median  interspaces;  discal  spot  of 
primaries  black,  sub-ovate,  often  nnich  compressed,  hut  sianetinies  alninst  eircidar; 
marginal  border  black,  of  median  width,  crossed  at  apex  and  often  throughnnt  by 
yellow  nervnles;  regular  on  its  inner  edge,  with  a  slight  projection  on  sul)-medi- 
an  and  an  indentation  below  that  nervure,  not  qnite  ])arallel  to  the  margin  in  its 
general  course,  but  approaching  it  somewhat  near  the  disco-central;  beyond  this, 
curving  roundly  towards  costa  and  terminating  (usually  (juite  abruptly)  on  c<tstal 
edge  at  about  one-fourth  distance  from  ajjcx  to  base;  on  inner  margin  projecting  a 
short,  attenuated  spur. 

Secondaries  have  the  discal  spot  deep  orange,  ocea.sionally  with  a  snudl  atten- 
dant spot  on  its  anterior  edge;  the  marginal  boriler  narrowed,  usually  regular,  but 
sometimes  a  little  excavated  between  the  nervnles,  commencing  above  the  upper 
branch  of  sub-costal  and  ending  acutely  at  or  a  little  beyimd  the  iirst  branch  of 
median ;  fringes  yellow,  edged  slightly  without  by  roseate,  more  decidedly  at  apex 
of  primaries. 

Under  side  uniform  deep  yellow  ;  costal  edges  and  fringes  roseate;  costal  mar- 
gin of  primaries  and  the  whole  of  secondaries  much  sprinkled  with  line  black 
scales;  discal  spot  of  j)rimaries  sub-ovate,  sometimes  triangular,  black,  with  a  dot 
or  streak  of  yellow,  or  sometimes  white,  in  the  centre ;  the  sub-marginal  row  of  brown 
spots  faint,  consisting  of  but  a  few  scales  and  })artly  obsolete;  secondaries  have  a 
similar  row  of  spots,  a  small  elongated  patch  on  costa  and  a  roseate  spot  at  inser- 
tion of  median;  discal  spot  large,  margaritacecuis,  in  a  narrow  brown  ring  about 
which  is  a  j)aler  halo ;  the  attendant  spot,  if  any,  a  dot  in  the  centre  of  a 
similar  ring. 

Body  covered  with  yellow-grey  hairs  which  are  tipp('(l  with  faint  roseate  on 
the  collar;  abdomen  black  partly  covered  with  yellow  scales,  beneath  yellow;  tho- 


COLIAS   IV. 

rnx  yellow;  Icjix  roscnU';  palpi  yellow,  diirk  on  upjuT  huU',  roHoale  at  extremity; 
nnteiiiue  and  eltil)  roneatc. 

Variety  A,  /f.  Upper  sido  palo  yellow  with  n  very  slight  tinpo  of  nrnngo 
on  disk  of  juiinaries;  .sonietiincs  wholly  witliont  orunjic  and  then  nniforni  lemon- 
yellow;  the  mar<;inal  borders  aNo  very  pale.     (Fig.  7.) 

Fkmalk.     Expands  1.7  to  H.l  inehes. 

rpper  Hurfaec-  yellow,  the  Hccondaries  having  a  greenish  tint;  disk  of  ]>rima- 
ries  slightly  tinted  with  orange;  ]>rinuirie.s  liavo  the  marginal  border  hroad,  more 
or  less  excavated  between  tlu*  nervnies  and  enclosing  a  macnlar  yellow  ban<l,  usu- 
ally eoniplete,  allhongh  the  spot  in  median  interspace  is  often  but  faint ;  dis^-al  spot 
large,  black,  circular  or  ovate,  and  sometimes  enclosing  a  central  isj)ot. 

Soe(mdariefl  have  the  horder  abbreviate(l  jmsteriorly  and  dilatecl  towards  (aiter 
angle,  there  enclosing  two  or  three  yellow  spots  of  a  band  which  disappears  in  the 
ground  coh)r;  discal  sjMjt  as  in  male 

I'nder  side  greenish-yellow  except  ,it  base  and  on  disk  of  ]triniaries  which  are 
deep  yellow;  tliscal  spot  of  j)rimarics  large;  with  a  central  white  oi-  yellow  spot. 

The  usual  typo  frcan  California  and  Texas. 

Variety  A,  V.  Upper  side  of  primaries  luight  orange  and  of  BPCondaries 
pale  oran"(',  both  wiiiLis  much  obscui'cd  bv  black  scales;  macular  band  vellow. 
From  Illinois.     (Fig-  •"'■) 

Variety  ]>,  ..  Color  above  greenisb-wliite,  tlu;  set'ondarics  with  a  faint  yel- 
low tint;  beneath  secondaries  and  apex  of  ])rimaries  more  decidedly  yellow; 
marked  as  in  the  tyi)e.     From  California  and  Texas. 

Larva  unknown. 

Found  in  the  valley  of  the  ^lississippi  from  Nehra.ska  and  Illinois  to  Texas 
and  westward  to  the  Pacific,  occupying  nuich  the  same  region  a.s  J'Juryt/innr,  but 
apparently  less  common  and  more  local  than  that  s])ccie.s.  Also  occasionally  I'ound 
in  the  Middle  States  and  Canada. 

My  attention  was  first  called  to  the  dilfcrcnces  between  the  two  species  passing 
under  the  name  of  Eiu'ijthcmc  by  J)r.  IJehr,  in  ISO").  In  a  letter  then  received 
from  him,  he  says,  "These  are  two  good  species  but  have  hitherto  been  considered 
as  one.  1  am  certain  either  of  the  two  is  different  from  the  Euro[)ean  C'firi/.mf/irmr;" 
(of  which  s[)ecie-!  Dr.  B;)isihival  had  CDUsidered  Eari///inne  as  i)robal)ly  a  varietv.) 
"It  is  easy  enough  to  characterise  the  males,  but  as  to  the  females,  I  am  often  at 
a  loss  myself;  and  at  the  same  time  the  two  species  are  easy  to  recognize  when  on 
the  wing."  And  again  in  18(18,  "  I  will  send  yiai  a  i)air  of  each  of  the  two  Colias. 
The  difference  is  about  the  same  a.s  between  Edma  and  Jfi/rmirlonr  whose  repre- 


CO  LI  AS   IV. 

Bcntativos  they  nro.  Tlio  iiiiiIcm  nre  oiisy  to  m-ogiiizi-,  luit  iIk*  fVniiilcs  npproiich 
••iirli  nilir.-so  niuili,  tjijit,  ill  si.iiit'  (if  Illy  H|.fciiMciis  I  mil  |m/./|(.,l  myself,  i'.m.»H'iiilly 
when  they  Hi't!  not  qiiUc  fnsli." 

I  liiive  reci'lvod  (DcccihIhm-  IHtlM,)  a  very  iiitiTcsling  Porit's  ot"  spcciiucnH  of 

hotli  V.uriilhrmc  iiikI  AVr/m//(/m  from   Mr.  Ht'iiry  KdwaniM,  of  Siiii  KiiinciMo,  u 

cinvfiil  iiiiil  cxiicriciici'il  ohscrvcr,  sliowiiin'  .i  niiicli  widn-  vjiiiiitioii  in  K><w<(ii<lin 

tliim   ill   till'  otiicr,  Itdtli   ill  size  and  colnr.     Sdiiic  of  llic  niiilcH  an-  verv  Hiniiil 

HcMiccly  one  Imif  llic  size  of  the  l.cst  <lcvi!o|ic(l,  ami   tlicy  v;iiy  in  color  (lum   (l»f|. 

oranj,'o  to  Iciiion-ycllow.     Mr.  I'Mwiinis  writes  "I  may  iiuiicc  tlmt  tlic  tli-lit  of  tlin 

new  sjM'cics  is  miicli  more  nipid  and  varinl  than  tiiat  ol'  J-jir)// /huh — that  thcoMlv 

variety  which  appears  in  the  hitter  is  in  the  c;ise  of  tii<'  ailiiiio  femide,  while  the 

male  of  the  new  species  is  eoiistanlly  sulijecl  to  run  into  liie  hiiion-yellow  Viirietv, 

which  however,  is  rarely  so  well  (leline(|  ns  in  the  speciinen  I  send  yoii.   [I'intircil  in 

plate.]      There  appear  to   he  two  liroods  dnriii<;  the  year,  the  insect  heiiii;  most 

ahiindant  early  in  the  spriln,^  in  fact,  hefore  J-jiri///Hiti.t;  makes  its  iippearaiiee.     It 

seems  to  he  local  and   hy  no  means  widely  distrihiited.     I  have  ehiellv  found  it  at 

Alameda  and  along  the  eastern  side  of  the  J5ay  as  far  as  the  San  .lose  district,  hut 

it  does  not  appear  in  8an  Mateo  Comity,  thoujih  J-Jiiri/f/HUH'  is  \i'vy  {•(tmiaon  there. 

As  it  is  always  hovering  over  j.lants  of  .Medicago,  I  presume  the  caterpillar  feeds 

upon  that,  hut  nothing  is  known  hy  me  of  either  larva  or  chrysalis  at  present." 

From  Illinois  and  vicinity  of  >.'ew  Urle;::!s  i  have  received  these  two  species 
in  about  e(|ual  numbers,  but  of  a  hirge  number  sent  me  by  I'rof.  Moore,  from  Ox- 
ford, Miss.,  all  were  lua-i/l/icine.  On  the  other  iiand  specimens  sent  by  I)r.  Linee- 
cuin,  and  taken  in  Washington  Co.,  Te.\as,  have  been  nearly  or  quite  all  of  the  other 
species.  Of  this  collection  about  one-fourth  the  females  were  all)iiio,  and  the  others 
were  quite  distinet  in  size  and  color  from  the  lemale  of  JuirylhniH'.  iJut  two  fe- 
males sent  from  Illinois  by  Mr.  Walsh  do  very  elosely  ap])ruuch  that  of  Eurijthemc, 
and  justify  the  remark  of  Dr.  13ehr.     (Fig.  o.) 


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COLIAS  V. 


COLIAS  EUKYDICE.    1—4. 

Colias  Euri/di'ce,  (Eu-ryd'-i-ei-)  Vnihd.  .Ann.  Soe.  Ent.  Franco,  1852.      Wosnescnski,  M^n^trife, 
Catal.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  l^o.j.      ?  .  Rhxloiera  Lonjuiiii,  Boisd.  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  France,  1854. 

Male.     Expands  2.5  inches. 

Upper  side  of  prinuiries  dark  fuscous  on  torminid  liidf  and  on  costal  margin; 
base  thickly  powdered  with  black  .scales  and  partly  covered  by  loiiu;  greyish  hairs; 
extra  basal  space  violet  pink  with  an  opaline  reilection,  but  changing  to  deep  brown- 
ish yellow  when  viewed  oblicjuely,  slightly  specked  next  base  an<l  next  costa  by 
dark  blue  scales  and  cut  by  black  nervures,  deeply  excavated  at  extremity  of  cell, 
moderately  on  submedian  intersjiaco,  and  projecting  prominently  along  the  upper 
median  interspaces  into  the  fuscous  border;  three  pink  streaks  on  costal  edge  hear 

apex. 

Secondaries  deep  brownish  yellow,  clear  yellow  on  costal  and  abdominal  mar- 
gin ;  immaculate,  fringes  ro.seate. 

Under  .side  deep  yellow,  pale  on  inner  margin  of  j)rimaries  ;  costal  edges  pink  ; 
edffe  of  hind  margin  of  primaries  pink  with  deej)  ferruginous  marginal  points  in 
the  interspaces  ;  a  subniarginal  common  row  of  similar  itoints,  partly  wanting  on 
primaries ;  two  or  three  such  points  on  costa  of  primaries  and  a  small  patch  of  fer- 
ruginous scales  near  outer  angle  of  secondaries  ;  at  base  of  secondaries  a  deep  rose- 
ate streak  on  median  nervure ;  discal  spot  of  primaries  round,  silvered,  within  a 
large  black  ring  ;  of  secondaries  large,  i-ound,  silvered,  within  a  broad  ferruginous 
rin'',  on  the  anterior  edge  of  which  is  a  second  ring  enclosing  a  silver  jioint. 

Body  above  covered  with  greyish  yellow  hairs,  beneath  yellow ;  legs  pink ; 
palpi  yellow,  pink  at  extremity ;  antenna  brownish  i)ink. 

Fkmale.     Expands  2.15  inches. 

Upi>er  side  ])ale  <!;reenish  yellow,  more  decided  yellow  on  secondaries;  immac- 
ulate, except  the  discal  sj)ot  on  primaries,  Avhich  is  round,  })ale  brown.  UncU'r 
side  of  jii'iinaries  yellow,  of  .secondaries  pale  bufi';  discal  spots  on  both  wings  silver 
in  faint  pink  rings. 

Lakva  unknown. 

Found  in  California  and  Oregon. 

This  lovely  sj)ecies  was  first  made  known  by  Dr.  Boisduval  who  exhibited  spec- 
imens of  it  and  other  Californian  butterllies  at  a  meeting  of  the  Ent.  tSoc.  France, 


COLIAS    V. 

in  1854.  The  Report  mentions, "  C.  Eanjdice,  the  most  beautiful  of  all  known  Co- 
liatk'.s,  liaving  the  size  and  form  of  Qcsonia,  with  much  the  same  design;  but  in  this 
brilliant  species  the  yeUow  is  replaced  by  a  vivid  orange  and  the  fore  wings  have 
a  vi(jlet  reilection"  and  "ftkodocera  Lon/ulni,  Avhich  has  nearly  the  form  of  our 
Tihamni,  with  the  hind  wings  a  little  less  angular  and  a  black  spot  upon  the  mid- 
dle of  the  fore  wings." 

The  Lorquhii  has  proved  to  be  the  female  of  Eurijdicc,  connecting  the  genera 
of  Colias  and  Gonrptcri/x  (Rhodocera)  in  a  remarkable  mannei'. 

]\Ir.  Henry  Edwards  writes  mo  of  this  species.  "This  insect  is  too  rare  for  us 
to  malvc  many  observations  upon  it.  It  apj)oars  to  be  very  local,  its  chief  home  being 
in  JNIarin  Co.  about  25  or  !^0  miles  from  San  Francisco.  I  have  also  heard  of  it 
near  Sacramento  and  have  occasionally  seen  it  flying  in  the  streets  of  this  city  (San 
Francisco).  It  appears  in  May,  the  female  being  sometimes  found  as  late  as  Au- 
gust. Its  flight  is  very  rapid  and  wild  and  it  is  exceedingly  dillicult  to  capture. 
I  have  seen  it  alight  on  the  flowers  of  thistle,  but  only  for  a  few  moments  and  then 
away  to  some  considerable  distance.  The  collector  who  is  fortuiuite  enough  to  se- 
cure a  good  male  has  indeed  a  i)rize.  The  female  is  more  common  and  is  more 
readily  captured.  I  have  heard  of  certain  years  in  which  this  species  has  been  com- 
mon, so  that,  like  many  other  butterflies,  it  may  appear  periodically  in  considera- 
ble immbers." 


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COLIAS   VI. 


COLIAS  KDWAIIDSII,  (r,..|ir  in  lit.).     1—-). 

M.vi.i:.     lC.\|iim(ls  lM  inclics. 

Upper  .'^iilu  1)ri«j;lit  Iciiinii  yellow.  coIdI'  of  Alr.niiiilrn  ;  liasc  ot'  wiiiijjs  slii,'litlv 
powdorod  witli  hliick  scales ;  primaries  have  a  iiaridw.  Iilack,  mainiiial  liaiid,  the 
inner  edge  of  whieh  is  nearly  reijular,  e.xtemliiiu  a  litth'  way  on  costa,  and  oti  in- 
ner inarii'in  projeetiiin-  a  short  atfeiuialed  spur;  this  hand  cut  nearly  to  the  trinije 
hy  the  yellow  iierviiles;  discal  s|)ot  hlaek,  suhovate  :  costal  ed^-c  and  apic:d  part  of 
fringe  roseate,  at  and  ai)ove  inner  aiiLde  yellow.  Sicdiidaries  have  a  narinw  mar- 
ginal hand  terminating  at  the  lower  hraiich  of  median,  cut  liy  the  nervnies,  nearly 
regular  within,  there  heing  oidy  slight  projections  on  the  nervules;  discal  spot 
wanting;   fringe  yellow. 

I'lider  side  of  primaries  pale  yellow,  i'ading  towards  hind  margin  and  still 
more  on  inner  maigin  ;  discal  spot  hlaek  with  a  few  roseate  >eales  in  centre;  cos- 
tal margin  slightly  covereil  with  hlaek  scales.  Secondaries  mneh  covered  with 
same  scales,  most  densely  at  hase  and  in  middle  of  disk  ;  ground  color  very  pale 
yeUow  ;  at  hasi;  of  meilian  a  small  roseate  spot;  discal  spot  of  medium  size,  inarga- 
ritaceoiis,  with  rosy  .scales  ahont  its  edge ;  i'ringes  as  above ;  costal  I'dges  of  hotli 
wings  roseate. 

JJody  above,  lemon  yellow,  beneath  inclining  to  whitish  ;  palpi  whitish  ;  legs 
pale  roseate;  antennje  roseate;  clid)  brown  al)ov<',  ochrey  yellow  beneath  and  at  tip. 

Fi;.M.VLi;.     K.xpands  'l.'-\  inches. 

U])per  side  same  color  as  male  ;  hind  margin  of  [irimaries  has  a  broad,  incom- 
plete border,  re])resented  at  inner  angle  by  a  few  scales  oidy  ;  discal  spot  as  in  male, 
bnt  with  a  few  scales  oidy  in  centre. 

Secondaries  have  a  large,  rounded,  orange  spot  on  disk,  without  ring;  beneath 
as  in  male,  except  that  secondaries  are  jnore  densely  powdered  with  black,  giving 
a  grey  sluule  to  the  wing ;  discal  spot  larger,  distinct,  I'dged  with  roseate;  fringe 
of  primaries,  above  and  below,  pal(>  I'oseate,  exce[it  at  tln^  inner  angle  of  piimaries ; 
C'cstal  edge  of  secondaries, and  l)oth  hind  and  abdominal  margins  fringed  with  roseate. 

Variety  A,  ■.  Color  nuich  paler;  primaries  have  a  narrow  iiorder  of  sep- 
arated scales  edging  tlie  whole  margin,  expanded  on  cosla  into  ;i  laigc  patch; 
discal  spot  of  j)riinaries  pure  l)lack,  of  secondaries  oiMuge;   beneath  as  in  the  type. 

( )ne  male,  two  females,  from  the  collection  of  Di'.  ndir,  taken  near  N'irginia 
City,  at  high  elevations,  and  named  by  Dr.  I>ehr  in  boiiur  of  Henry  I'^bvards, 
Esq.,  of  San  FraneLsco. 

Tills  species  belongs  to  the  same  group  as  Alccaiidrd  and  FjnUla. 


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COLIAS  VII. 


COLIAS  OCCIDENTALIS.     1—5. 

CoUas  occulentaliK,  8cudd';r.  I'roc.  Bust.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1862. 

Male.     Expands  2  inches. 

Upper  side  lemon  yellow ;  primaries  have  a  broad,  black  marginal  border, 
not  cut  by  the  nervules,  erose  within  and  nearly  straight  to  the  curve,  advanced 
on  costa  to  o-ie-fourtli  the  distance  from  apex  to  base,  and  on  inner  margin  pro- 
jecting an  unusually  long,  attenuated  spur;  discal  spot  con-colored,  oval,  in  a  pale 
black  rnig.  Secondaries  have  the  border  broad  and  nearly  even  on  the  inner 
edge;  discal  spot  large,  round,  orange;  fringes  roseate  except  at  inner  angle  of  pri- 
maries and  outer  of  secondaries  where  they  are  yellow. 

Under  side  deep  yellow  ;  costal  edge  of  primaries  and  basal  half  of  secondi  - 
ries  much  irrorated  with  black;  primaries  inmiaculat m  excepting  the  discal  spot, 
which  is  yellow  in  oval  black  ring ;  secondaries  have  an  obsolete  sub-marginal 
series  of  ferruginous  patches,  the  middle  ones  only  distinct ;  a  ferruginous  patch  on 
costa ;  at  base  a  roseate  point ;  discal  spot  large,  round,  silvery  with  a  roseate  tinge, 
within  a  brown  ring  that  is  much  specked  with  roseate  scales. 

Body  above  black  covered  with  greenish  hairs  ;  below  yellow  ;  collar  roseate ; 
legs  roseate ;  palpi  ycliow,  roseate  on  upper  side ;  antennoe  dark  brown  above, 
paler  below  ;  club  brown. 

Female.     Expands  2.4  inches. 

Upper  side  deeper  colored  inclining  to  orange  on  disk  of  secondaries  ;  the 
latter  without  marginal  band  ;  that  of  primaries  broad,  faintly  marked,  consisting 
merely  of  patches  of  grey  scales  enclosing  large  yellow  spots ;  discal  spot  large, 
sub-ovate,  black  enclosing  a  yellow  streak ;  that  of  secondaries  large,  ro and,  orange ; 
under  side  of  primaries  deej)  yellow  on  disk  ;  rest  of  wing,  and  all  of  secondaries 
pale ;  discal  spots  as  in  male. 

Female.  Variety  A ;  upper  side  greenish  white ;  secondaries  with  a  broad 
border  enclosing  whitish  spots  as  on  primaries. 

Taken  on  Mackenzies  River  and  at  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  British  Columbia. 


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SGUDDERII,    1,2,5  ,3,4  ?,5  ?  ,var. 
MEAD  1 1  ,    6,7,4,8  ?,9,  win^  wilh  |la<id. 


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' 


COLIAS  VIII. 


COLIAS  SCUDDERII. 

CoUas   ScmhhrU,  Rcakirt,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phil.  ISOr). 

Mali;. — Expaiuls  1.8  to  2  inclios. 

Upper  .siilo  greenish  yellow;  iiiargiiiiil  borders  broad,  black,  on  primaries  reg- 
ularly crenated  within,  or  sometimes,  very  slightly  crose,  little  advanced  on  costa 
projecting  a  short,  attenuated  fi\mv  on  inner  margin,  and  usually  cut  to  the  edge  by 
yellow  nervules;  discal  spot  of  primaries  small,  blacic,  sub-ovate,  of  secondaries 
pale  yellow,  corresponding  in  shape  to  the  spot  beneath;  fringes  roseate,  yellow  at 
inner  angle  of  i)rimaries  and  outer  angle  of  secondaries. 

Under  side  dark  greenish-yellow,  the  costa  of  primaries  and  whole  of  second- 
aries densely  irrorateil  with  fine  black  scales;  discal  s[iot  of  [jriinaries  small,  black, 
subovate,  with  yellow  streak,  sometimes  sub-triangular,  a  m;'re  line  about  a  yellow 
spot;  of  secondaries  a  silver  s})ot,  edged  with  roseate  scales  in  narrow  ferruginous 
ring,  sometimes  accompanied  by  a  point  of  ferruginous,  or  a  largo  spot  with  silver 
pupil;  sometimes  also  a  stout  ray  of  ferruginous  projects  from  the  large  spot  to- 
wards hind  margin;  on  costal  edge  of  secondaries  a  lew  ferruginous  scales  and  a 
bright  pink  spot  at  base;  otherwise  immaculate. 

Body  above  covered  with  yellow  and  grey  hairs,  beneath  concolored;  collar 
roseate,  legs  roseate;  i)al[)i  yellow,  grey  in  front;  antenna)  roseate;  club  brown 
above,  roseate  below. 

Femalk. — Same  size. 

Upper  side  pale  yellow,  much  irrorated  with  black  aliMig  costal  margin  and 
apex  and  hind  margin  of  primaries,  but  showing  no  regular  band  or  spot;  discal 
spots  as  in  male;  under  side  still  more  densely  irrorated  except  along  hind  margin 
of  secondaries,  the  disk  having  a  greyish-yellow  shade. 

Var.  A. — Fkmalk. — Color  pale  greenish-white;  the  margin  of  primaries 
much  irrorated  at  tips  of  nervules,  aiul  sometimes,  small  patches  of  scales  at  ori- 
gin of  sub-costal  nervules;  under  side  white  at  base  and  on  inner  margin  of  pri- 
maries, yellow  at  apex  and  over  Avhole  of  secondaries,  this  yi'llow  space  always 
densely  irrorated.  In  both  sexes  there  is  much  variation  in  size  of  dorsal  spots  on 
under  side. 


'■1   I 


COLIAS  VIII. 

Taken  in  alMuuliinco  by  Mr.  !Moii(l,  in  Colorado,  in  tlio  u|)por  Arkansas  Valley 
and  in  the  vicinity  of  Twin  T^akcH,  during  July  1<S71.  Tlie  siu'i'ics  scciuh  to  ro- 
pluc'o  C.  Alexandra,  which  Ih  more  peculiar  to  the  Platte  Valley,  althougii  individ- 
uals of  both  species  are  to  be  found  in  either  district.  Four-fifths  of  the  feiiudes  of 
iS('U(hU'ril,  taken  were  albinos,  while  with  Altxandra  the  all/mos  were  exccedinj;ly 
rare.  The  latter  species  was  first  ol)servcd  by  Mr.  ATead  on  the  ir»th  of  June,  near 
the  South  Park,  at  an  elevation  of  about  JKXX)  feet,  and  a  few  days  later  it  waa 
abundant  at  Turkey  Creek  Junction.  i\Iany  eggs  were  obtained,  deposited  on  a 
dwarf  species  of  Lupinus.  A  young  larva  was  also  found.  It  was  three-fourths 
inch  in  length,  clear  green,  with  a  doubU',  yellow-white  dorsal  stripe  and  a  single 
lateral  stripe  of  similar  color,each  stripe  enclosing  a  broken  roseate  line. 


COLIAS  MEADII. 

Coliixs  MdidH,  Etlwiirds,  Trans.  Am.  Hnt.  Soc.  l^tTl. 

Secondaries  presenting  a  large  sub-ovate,  ochraceous,  glandular  space  at  base  of 
subcostal  nervure,  as  in  Edusa. 

M.VLK. — Expands  1.7  inch. 

Upper  side  fiery  orange,  of  uniform  shade  quite  to  the  marginal  border  and 
with  an  opaline  vefiection;  bases  of  wings  densely  irrorated  with  black;  alxlominal 
margin  of  secondaries  green  and  yellow  similarly  irrorated;  the  border  of  prima- 
ries very  broad,  black,  erose  Avithin,  not  much  advanced  on  costaand  })rojecting  but 
a  short  spur  on  inner  margin;  that  of  secondaries  nearly  as  broad,  covering  the 
whole  margin;  discal  spot  of  primaries  merely  indicated  by  a  few  black  scales  on  a 
deeper  orange  ground;  of  secondaries  deep  orange;  fringes  roseate  mixed  with 
yellow. 

Under  side  of  primaries  yellow  green  .\  costal  and  hind  margins,  buff  on 
disk;  the  anterior  part  of  the  wing  much  specked  with  black;  di.'^cal  spot  yellow 
in  black  oval;  secondaries  yellow-green,  though  varying  in  depth  of  color  in  in- 
dividuals, and  much  obscured  by  black  scales;  discal  spot  silvery  in  a  large 
ferruginous  patch,  sometimes  iiccompanied  by  a  second  small  spot;  a  roseate  spot 
at  base;  otherwise  immaeuliite. 

Body  above  black;  collar  roseate,  thorax  and  abdomen  green;  legs  pale 
roseate;  palpi  green,  roseate  in  front  and  at  tip;  antennsB  roseate;  club  brown 
tipped  with  fulvous. 

Female. — Expands  1.9  inch. 

Primaries  orange,  sometimes  as  bright  as  in  the  male,  but  often  duller  colored; 


COLIAS  VIM. 

socondarios  much  irrorated  with  bhick,  ^ivinjf  tla'  whoh'  wiiiu;  a  (hill  orango-groy 
hIkuIp;  within  the  niarf^iniil  borders  a  coiiiplote  Hcrii'H  of  siiiiiU  yellow  spots,  not 
wholly  enclosed  on  secondaries;  diseal  spot  ot  ])riniiiries  an  orange  streak  in  small 
hlaek  oval;  on  the  under  side  the  green  is  of  a  bluish,  often  greyish  tint. 

Taken  in  Colorado  by  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  in  the  month  of  duly,  ISJl.  Mr. 
Mead  wrote  from  Twin  Lakes,  on  llitli  July,  "On  Sth,  w(,'  left  Fair])lay  in 
an  open  hack  which  carries  the  weekly  mail  for  this  section.  Tim  driver  was  a 
Yankee  boy  who  obligingly  delayed  altogether  more  than  an  hour  for  me  to  catch 
specimen.s  on  the  "divide."  This  is  the  water-sln-d  between  the  IMatte  and 
Arkansas  valleys.  Probably  the  pass  is  very  nearly  IiJ,();H)  feet  above  the  sea. 
Above  11,000  feet  an  elegant  8j)ecies  of  Collas  makes  its  a|)[)earance.  It  is  liery 
orange  and  the  female  also  is  very  bright.  I  secured  12  sjiecimens."  I'lom  I'air- 
play,  24th  July,  "Last  Saturday  wo  rode  out  to  Ml.  Lincoln  and  made  tlio 
ascent.  I  took  34  specimens  of  the  fiery  Colias."  He  also  took  a  single  specimen 
at  Kenosha  House,  a  few  days  later.  The  si)ecies  fre(picnis  the  highest  peaks 
and  ranges,  and  none  were  obtained  at  a  lower  level  liian  10,000  feet  above  the 
.sea. 

This  Colias  bears  close  resemblance  to  ILcId,  but  may  be  readily  distin- 
guished by  the  glandular  spot  before  spoken  of  (see  I'late),  a  character  not  found  in 
IIccla,and  so  decisive  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  point  out  minor  points  of  diilerence. 


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ARGYiNNIS  I. 


ARGYXXIS  DIANA.     1—4. 

Argynnis  Diana.     S  .   ('raim-f.  H.  4,  pi.  08.     Fiib.,    Knt.  Syst.     III.  4t7.       Say,  Am.  Ent.  I. 
pi.  17.     Boisdiiv.il  and  LcCcmte,  p.  14y.      9  .    Ivlwanls,  I'mo.  Ent.  Soc.  ]'hil.  iii,  p.  431.     (18G4.) 

Male.     Expands  .).:>  inclies. 

l^'pixu-  .side,  from  the  l)ase  to  Ix'voud  middle  of  wiii<rs,  dark  velvet-l)ro\vn  ;  the 
outor  liml)  dee])  orange,  formin>>;  u  wide  band,  crenate  within  on  ])rimarie.s  and  ent 
by  the  brown  sliade  ak)ng  the  nervures  almost  to  the  margin  ;  both  wings  edged 
by  ii  brown  line,  which  is  i)recedetl  by  a  seeond,  somewhat  indistinet,  but  conspi- 
cuous at  the  ero.ssing  of  the  nervures,  especially  on  [)rimaries,  where,  at  each  cro.ss- 
ing,  is  a  patch  of  brown  scales;  u[)on  the  orange  band  a  double  row  of  lounded 
brown  spots,  the  outer  one  partly  obs(dete,  the  inner  distinct  and  having  the  three 
lower  spots  much  larger  than  the  others. 

Under  .side  of  primaries,  next  base,  black,  edged  without  by  a  zig-zag  line 
similar  to  that  of  C'ybele  ami  allied  sj)ecies,  the  interspaces  next  within  this  line 
of  the  color  of  the  margin ;  transvei'.se  ])atches  of  .same  color  in  the  cell ;  next  the 
arc  an  irregular  silver  bar;  on  the  costa  a  few  silver  scales;  outer  limb  orange- 
brown  ;  the  three  largest  spots  of  sub-marginal  row  reaj)[)ear  faintly. 

Secondaries  have  a  silky  gloss;  the  basal  two-thirds  a  <l(>ad-leaf  brown  ;  outer 
limb  same  as  on  primaries,  immaculate;  edging  the  lirown  space  i.^  an  interrupted 
black  line,  more  or  less  covered  by  silver  sc;i'  -  and  terminathig,  on  each  margin, 
in  a  triangular  silver  spot;  between  the  costa  'id  sub-costal  a  silver  crescent,  (>dgcd 
anteriorly  by  black;  at  the  junction  of  same  im  rviUi-  a  fi  s  silver  scales;  <  u  the 
arc  an  indistinct  eyelet  of  darker  brown;  within  tlu  m:'  gin  a  c(mtinuous  band  of 
elongated  silver  crescents. 

Jiody  above  velvet  brown,  beneath  same  as  .secondaries ;  legs  and  jialpi  same 
color;  antenuic  dark  brown  above,  ferruginous  below;  club  dark  brown  pped 
with  ferruginous. 

Fejiali:.     Expands  nearly  four  inches. 

Upper  side  ])lack,  Avith  blue  or  green  reflections.  Primaries  liave  three  trans- 
verse rows  or  spots;  the  marginal  small,  rounded,  white  or  bluish-white  he  .sub- 
marginal  elongated,  rectangular,  wanting  two  spots  next  the  costa.  1'  -h-white; 
the  median  of  irregular  blue  patches;  a  blue  patch  on  the  co.sta;  lUe  two  lower 
spots  of  the  submarginal  and  median  united. 

Secondaries  have  a  marginal  row  of  bluish  white  l)ars  between  and  reaching 
to  the  nervures,  the  three  or  four  hinder  ones  broadest  and  bisected  by  a  black 
line ;  a  broad  submarginal  metallic  blue  band,  divided  by  the  nervures  into  oblong 


AUCVNXIS   I. 

pnnts.  cii'  li  ut"  wliicli,  oxcopt  tho  two  oxtrcmo,  oncldsiii.t!;  a  roundt'd  black  s|M)t  near 
its  aiitcriiir  vd-j:^.      l'"riiii;is  of  hoth  \viiiL'"s  wliito,  liliiclc  at  ends  of  iKM'vmvs. 

I'lidcf  siilc  d}'  |ir'nii:ii-i(s  lilack,  witli  a  sliiilit  i)lut'  rcilcction  ;  apical  border 
l)ro\vii;  (111  tlica|ir\  :i  wliilc  piilcli  edited  within  l)y  silver;  a  niai'iiinal  row  of  wliito 
crescents,  iiearlv  olisolele  aiiove,  the  lower  ones  |)receded  by  a  i;rey  shadow  and 
streak;  a  median  inw  of  whitish  sjtots  correspondinii;  to  those  of  npper  surface ;  a 
larn'c  white  |iatcli  on  costa  ;  anterior  to  tho  median  a.  row  of  spots,  of  wliicli  tho 
lower  is  pni-ple,  the  n|)|ier  one  •ireen.  much  eloiiiialed  ;  in  the  cell  three  _<i;roen  spots, 
that  next  the  arc  sli;:htly  silvered  ;  belwo'ii  lhiM)ther  two  a  faint  brown  patch;  sil- 
ver scales  on  the  costa. 

Secondiiries  have  the  ba-al  two-thirds  brown,  varying;  in  shade  iii  different 
.S])ecimens,  from  blackish  to  dark  red,  and  usually  with  a  i;reenish-<i-rey  reflection; 
this  space  I'da'eil  without  by  a  silvery  lino  moro  or  less  complete,  (but  sometimes 
wholly  wantiiii;',)  which  tei'minales  on  the  margins  in  ti'iaiiLiular  silver  spots;  the 
silver  crescent  as  in  the  male;  eyelet  on  the  arc  oftiMi  silvered  ;  outer  lindj  blaek- 
ish-brown,  with  u'reen  rellectioiis ;  liind  maruiu  e(li:;ed  by  a  narrow  jii'cy  l)aiid, 
which  is  preceded  by  silver  crescents  as  in  the  uiale. 

I'xidy  black  above,  red  laxtwu  below,  legs  and  ])al])i  red  brown;  antennte  as  in 
the  male,  but  a  ;  hade  darker. 

S|Hrimens  vary  uuu'li,  some  liaving  tho  spots  of  upper  surface  prroon  instead 
of  blue;  the  variation  in  silveriuii-  below  is  extreme,  irom  almost  nothinji;  to  com- 
plete ornamentation. 

Tho  larva  is  uid<nown. 

Until  (]uite  recently  this  biitterlly  has  been  idmost  uidvuown  in  Collections. 
Boisduval  and  T^e( 'onte  say  that  tlu'y  never  saw  it,  and  that  their  description,  as 
well  as  that  of  (Jodart,  and  proiiably  of  Fabricins,  were  taken  from  the  figure  of 
Cramer.  This  iigui'c  of  ( 'ranter's  is  luuch  better  than  that  of  Say,  which  uiust 
have  been  maile  from  a  woni-oiil  specimen,  as  his  description  also  indicates.  Bay 
says  he  hail  taken  the  species  in  (ieorgia,  l-'lorida,  Arkansas  and  Missouri.  No 
mention  is  made  of  the  female  by  any  author,  and  it  seems  to  have  been  unknowu 
till  its  discovery  by  me  in  iStil,  in  Kanawha  County,  \\'est  \'iigiiiia.  On  the 
20th  August  I  saw,  ibr  tlu>  tirst  time,  a  uialo,  hovering  alxmt  the  flowers  of  the 
Iron-weed  (  Vernonia  fascicnlata  ),aud  succeeded  in  taking  it.  Two  days  afterwards, 
in  same  vicinity,  while  ))reaking  my  way  through  a  diaise  thicket  of  same  weed, 
hoping  to  find  another  Diana,  I  came  suddenly  upon  a  large  black  and  blue  butter- 
fly feeding  so  (piietly  as  to  allow  me  to  stand  iwnv  it  stano  si'conds  and  watch  its 
motions.  It  seeine(l  to  be  a  new  sjiocios  of  Limeiiitis,  allied  to  Ursula,  which  it 
resembled  in  color.  lUit  on  taking  it,  I  saw  it  was  a  female  Argynnis,  and  the 
general  pattern  of  the  under  wing  left  little  iloubt  of  its  afliuity  to  Diana  male, 
despite  its  total  difTerence  in  color  ami  of  upper  surface.     Subsequent  captures  con- 


! 


AHliVNMS   I. 


finiR'd  tliis  roiijc'ctiin',  and  Diit  ot"  tlic  larn'c  nuinlx'r  lluil  liavt'  siucc'  been  taken  the 
males  liave  been  of  the  known  type  and  tlie  leniales  l)laek,  with  no  tendency  in 
either  to  vary  in  the  (Hicetion  of  the  other. 

When  niv  attention  was  ealled  to  tlie  species,  I  fonnd  it  not  very  uncommon, 
always  upon  or  near  the  Iron  weed,  which  is  very  ahniidant  and  jirows  in  rank 
luxuriance  u[ion  the  I'ich  Ixittoni  lands  of  the  Kanawha  river,  Imiuently  reaching;- 
a  lieight  of  eight  to  ten  feet,  and,  in  Aniiiist,  covered  hy  heads  of  [»nr[ih'  llowi'rs  that 
jiossess  a  reinai'kahle  attraction  for  UKtst  buttertlies.  l)otli  sexes  ai'c  conspicuous, 
the  males  from  the  strong  contrast  of  color,  and  the  females  from  their  great  size 
and  the  hahit.  of  alighting  on  the  tojimost  llowers  and  I'csting  with  wings  erect  and 
niotioidess.  It  is  an  exceedingly  alci't  and  waiy  species,  dilfering  in  this  from  our 
other  Argvnnides.  At  the  slightest  alarm  it  will  lly  high  into  the  woods,  uvav 
wliieh,  upon  tiie  narrow  bottoms  or  I'ivcr  slopes  it  is  invariably  found.  It  is  a  true 
southei'u  sjH'cies.  sensitive  to  cold,  not  to  be  looked  for  in  the  cooler  [)art  of  the  morn- 
ing, but  Hying  down  from  the  forest  when  the  sun  is  well  up.  From  elcvi'U  to  three 
o'clock  is  its  feeding  tinie. 

Altogether,  nearly  At)  of  both  sexes  were  taken  in  IStif,  between  the  2()th  and 
;:)Oth  August,  the  males  all  woi'U  and  corresponding  with  Say's  ligurt',  tlu'  females 
in  large  proportion  fresli  from  clu-ysalis.  In  bSCi.")  nearly  one  hundi'ed  were  taken 
in  same  locality  with  like  I'esults.  In  the  two  years  following  they  were  extrenudy 
rare.  On  the  4th  dulv,  1S(>7,  a  pei'fect  male,  vi  ry  dih'ercnt  in  shadis  of  coloi-  from 
the  poor  specimens  hitherto  seen,  Avas  taken,  and  two  othei's  wei'c  seen  shortly  aftei-, 
but  in  the  absence  of  llowering  plaiUs  it  was  impossible  to  approach  tliese  last. 

In  Jnlv,  ISCiC),  Mr.  .bimes  liidings,  while  on  an  entomological  excursion  in 
Georgia,  captured  thi'ce  pei'Icct  males  near  Atlanta,  fi'om  one  of  which  our  ligui(; 
was  drawn.  These  were  all  by  the  road  side  in  the  sandy,  tlowei'less  pine  fori'st,  and 
had  alighted  on  logs  or  ti'ce  tiainks.      No  females  were  seen  by  .Mr.  Hidings. 

NVe  may  be  sure,  therei()re,  that  the  males  emerge  early  in  July  and  are  in 
flight  till  last  of  August,  and  the  I'emales  from  early  in  August  till  last  of  Sej)teni- 
ber.  And  that  the  range  of  the  s]ieeies  is  tViim  (Jeorgia  to  the  l.iwei-  part  of  \\  est 
Virginia,  but  Imw  far  west  we  have  no  kiiowle(lge.  except  iV(aii  Say's  menlion  of 
Ai'kansas  ami  Missouri.  It  probably  may  be  ibnnd  along  New  River  (as  the  uj)- 
per  jiart  of  tin'  Kanawha  is  called)  which  Hows  irom  the  mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  oilers  a  chainiel  by  which  many  soutlieiai  species  of  butlci'ilies,  and  insects 
of  otlu'r  orders,  iind  their  way  t)  the  warm  valley  <if  the  Kanawha. 

The  contrast  between  the  sexes  in  the  pn  sent  speci<s  has  no  parallel  among 
North  American  Initterilies.  In  the  instance  of  Papilio  Turnns  there  are  i'emales 
of  two  colors,  one  of  which  reseiiddes  the  male  in  color  and  markings,  and  the  other 
l(Jlaucus),  whik'  dilfeiing  in  color,  retains  the  markings.  And  in  Tnrmis  there  are 
manv  cases  where  the  two  colors  are  mingled  in  the  same  individual,  giving  theiu  a 


HHHHRNiMlllliill 


i 


:   : 


\v. 


ARGYNNIS   I. 

brown  or  a  mottled  appearance.  I  have  a  cnrious  example  of  this  last,  taken  on 
the  Kanawha,  where  the  whole  Hurface  is  mottled,  sometimes  yellow  j)revailing, 
sometimes  black.  IJut  in  Diana  the  sexes  are  absolntely  separatetl  in  color,  and,  on 
the  upper  surface,  as  widely  sejiarated  in  markinn'S.  On  ])art  of"  the  lower  surface 
there  is  a  resembUnicc,  but  any  other  two  species  of  Argynnis  that  may  be  .selected 
are  nearer  each  other  than  are  the  two  sexes  of  Diana. 

In  the  Sixth  Edition  of  '^  yell's  Elements  of  Geology,  figure  179,  is  repre- 
sented a  fossil  butterfly  (reproduced  below)  from  the  miocene  beds  of  Croatia,  taken 
from  Ilcer's  Tnsektenfauna  dcr  Tertian  ttc.,  wliich  bears  a  singular  resemblance  to 
Diana  male.  It  is  called  Yaiu'ssa  Pluto  in  the  text,  but  is  ]>lainly  an  Argynnis. 
Even  the  colors  of  the  insect  were  partially  preserved,  llecr  himself  calls  attention 
to  the  resemblance  to  Diana,  though  he  inclines  to  think  it  still  more  resembles  Va- 
nessa Iledonia,  Cramer,  an  Indian  species.  He  says,  "among  butterflies  of  a  simi- 
lar coloration  may  be  mentioned  A.  Diana, 
Cramer.  This  butterfly  is  black  (dark 
brown?)  and  is  furnished  on  the  outer  bor- 
der witli  a  row  of  yellow  spots  divided  by 
the  nervures.  These  yellow  spots  reach 
to  the  border  and  eiich  one  has  two  black 
(lots.  Diana  is  decidedly  larger.  In  size 
and  coloration  the  fossil  agrees  l)ctter  with 
Iledonia,  yet  tliis  })oint  cannot  ho.  decided 
with  certainty  until  a  specimen  is  found  with  the  outer  border  completely  i)re- 
scrved."  With  the  Pluto  are  found  Dragon-Hies  "with  speckled  wings,  like  those 
of  the  Southern  States  of  North  America."  Lyell,  page  '2A').  And  on  page  2oG, 
"the  insect  fauna  of  the  age  of  the  beds  of  Oeningen,  (miocene,)  like  the  plants, 
are  of  a  recent  American  type." 

Variations  in  size  are  of  little  moment  in  comparing  species,  as  every  species 
furnishes  individuals  both  much  larger  and  much  snudler  than  the  average.  Form 
and  markings  are  essential,  and  coloi'ation  in  a  less  degree.  In  the  present  case, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  character  of  the  fauna,  I  am  apt  to  believe  that  our 
superb  Diana  comes  of  a  venerable  antiquity,  aiul  is  entitled  to  rank  as  the  head 
of  this  large  and  'ooiiutiful  fiiniily. 


•i:  I 


i  I 


i  i 


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I  : 


I 


AUGYNMS  11. 


ArvGYNNi^  cYjn:Li:.   \—l 

Argynn!^    (),hih  (Cyb'-e-lu),  Fabriciu«,  Knt.  Syst.   Ill,    tl."..     (i.xlarf,   Kuc.   Moth.    IX,  203. 
Uoisduval  :uiil  l.cCiiiitc,  1,')!.      J)iij,hiiis'!  Cniiiicr,  jilito  o7. 

Triiiiarics  broad,  s^troiijily  arclu'd,  slightly  concave^  on  hind  niara;in. 

]\[Ai,r,.     Expands  ;!  inciics. 

Ui)[K'i-  ,si(K'  t'nlviiiis,  inclinint;;  to  hitcoii.<,  brown  at  bax' ;  wIkiIc  .^uriaco  marked 
and  spotted  with  black  ;  [ir'nnaries  ediicd  by  a  narrow  biie.  preceded  by  a  second, 
heavier  and  parallel,  npnn  which  rests  a  series  ot'  cdiiiiected  hinnles,  each  cncliisiiif"; 
a  ronnded  i'ulvous  spot;  the  clear  f'nlvous  space  between  the  lines  cut  into  s])ots  by 
the  Idack  nervules;  ix'yond  the  Innides  a  row  of  larj^e  round  spots,  a  bar  on  costa, 
and  a  luavy  zig-zag  median  hand;  outside  the  cell  a  spot  sha|)ed  like  the  letter  1' 
iuverteil,  inclosing  a  fulvous  space;  three  sinuous  bars  across  ihe  cell. 

Secondaries  have  tlie  subniarginal  line  oidy,  and  a  sei'its  of  detached  uncon- 
nected crescents;  a  row  of  small  rounded  spots  and  a  median  band  of  irregidar 
spots,  crescent  or  rectangular,  almost  obsolete  on  the  abdominal  mai'gin  but  expand- 
[n<^  largelv  near  costa  in  the  direction  of  the  base;  on  the  arc  ix  s|)ot  like  the  let- 
ter 8 ;  nervnres  black  only  from  the  submarginal  line  to  edge;  fringes  yellowish 
at  the  emarginations,  black  at  tips  of  ncrvides. 

ruder  side  of  ])rimaries  pale  yellowish-brown,  the  ajjical  space  yellowish  and 
enclosing  a  bright  l)rown  patch  on  costal  margin;  the  hind  margin  has  abroad 
border  of  same  color,  except  at  the  extremities,  where  it  is  yellowish;  resting  on  the 
border  next  inner  angle  are  three  lanceolate  black  spots,  beyond  these,  to  apex,  five 
others,  bro\.r.  ■  all  enclosing  yellowish  spaces,  those  next  apex  slightly,  if  at  all, 
sprinkled  with  silver  scales;  on  the  patch  are  three  silver  spots;  the  black  markings 
of  uj)per  surface  repeated. 

8ccondaries  have  the  basal  two-thirds  re(l-brown,  more  or  less  motth'd  with 
yellow;  himl  margin  brown,  fading  into  yellow  near  anal  angle;  the  space  between 
the  two  outer  rows  of  silver  spots  bright  yi'llow  and  immaculate,  making  a  consjii- 
cuous  band,  characteristic  of  the  sjiecies;  the  silver  spots  are  twenty-four  or  twenty- 
five  in  nund)er,  viz:  seven  large  dentate  upon  the  border,  all  edged  above  with 
brown;  a  second  row  of  eight  irregular,  the  eighth,  a  stripe  on  the  margin, often 
wanting;  a  third  row  of  live  or  six,  the  lirst  lunulale,  the  second  nunute,  the  third 
minute,  often  wanting,  the  fourth  jiyriform,  cut  hy  the  are,  the  lii'lli  and  sixth 
streaks  ;  next  two  round  s])ots  in  the  cell,  a  third  below  the  median  and  two  at  the 
junction  of  the  nervures  above;  the  shoulder  broadly  silvereil ;  abdominal  margin 
lightly;  all  these  spots,  except  the  marginal  row,  the  last  on  third  row  and  the  two 


AiniVNMS   II 


; 


lu'xt  t)iisi',  arc  oilgi'd  with  liliii'k.  alntvi' ;  llic  tliiTc  rouiitl  spol.s  mar  base  i-hrli'd  with 
black. 

Iindy  above  cdlor  ot"  base,  below  liu'lit  bud";  lej,'s  and  palpi  siill  lij^litci' ;  aiilm- 
1111"  fulvous  idtove,  I'eiTUninous  below;   club  bla<"k,  rciTUi;iiious  al   lip. 

l''r,M Ai.i:.      Kxpaiids  ;!.."»  iiidu's. 

Lutcous  ;  the  base  UKa'e  obscun',  ol'tcM  alum.-t  black,  spots  and  lines  heavier. 

Under  side  duller  colored;  the  l)aud  on  secondaries  broad  and  inunaculale. 

'I'lie  two  species,  ( 'ylu'lc  and  Aphrodite,  liavc  fj;enerall_v  been  confounded  by  au- 
thors and  collectors.  lioisduval  and  LcConte  say,  "it  appears  to  us  without  doubt 
that  I*.  Aphrodite  of  I"'abricius  is  the  same  as  his  ("ybcK',  only  we  believe  that  ho 
has  described  the  mali'  from  nature  under  the  luinie  of  Aplirodite.  and  llu'  female 
under  the  name  of  Cvbele  from  the  lijiure  of  Cramer."  The  iiiiure  in  IJoisduval 
and  LoC'ontc  is  that  of  ('ybeic  female. 

The  Daphnis  ot'  ( 'I'anier  ivprescnts  neither  (Vbelenor  Aphro(|ite.  The  fore 
wings  are  too  narrow  and  pointed  for  either,  'i'be  color  and  markiniis  of  upjior 
surface  are  lu'arest  Aphrodite;  the  niulcr  side  of  bind  wings  is  also  ni'arest  Aphro- 
dite in  the  basal  color,  but  it  has  the  immaculate  yellow  band  of  (Vbele. 

(Jodart  says  "(ybele  has  the  outer  row  of  silver  spots  sepiirated  from  tne  next, 
by  n.  pale  /ruiixrcr.tc  .s'/'//^/o//x  hmid,  hrniid  in  I  he  Jruia/i-,  rcri/  iHin-mr  In  the  iiin/c  ;" 
of  Aphrodite,  "that  it  has  a  yellow  band  posterioi'ly,"  thus  confusing  tbe  two  spe- 
cies and  the  sexes  of  one;  inasmuch  as  Cybcle  in  both  sexes  has  a  broad  yellow 
hand,  and  Aphrodite  a  narrow  one,  usually  so  encroached  on  by  the  basal  color  as 
not  improju'rly  to  bo  called  a  "sinuous"  band,  but  if  anything,  broad  in  the  male, 
narrow  in  the  female,  (iodart  adils,  "wi"  Jind  it  (Aidirodite)  vei-y  similar  to  Cy- 
bcle." 

In  Harris'  Insects  of  Mass.  '2d  ed.  1<S(12,  Aphrodite  is  described  as  being 
"tawnv  yellow  in  the  males,  ochre  yellow  in  the  females,"  which  applies  prettv 
well  to  ( 'ybt'le,  but  not  at  all  to  Aphrodite.  The  figure  given  is  Aplirodite  female. 
Cybele  is  not  mentioned  by  Dr.  Harris  as  found  in  New  JOngland. 

In  Wi'stwood  and  Humphicy's  British  Butterllies  is  a  general  descri])tion  and 
a  figure  of  what  is  called  an  Aphrodite,  an  American  insect,  on  one  occasion  taken 
ill  Kngland.  Jt  is  certainly  iKtt  to  be  recognised  as  Aphi'odite  or  any  other  Ame- 
rican species.  The  text  says,  "there  are  several  very  closely  allied  American  spe- 
cies including  the  present,  if  indeed  they  are  not  merely  varieties  of  each  other." 

Kirby  (Fauna  Bor.)  describes  Aphrodite  at  length,  and  his  description  is 
copied  in  ^Forris,  (Syn.  T>ep.  N.  Am.)  Jle  gives  Aphrodite  as  synonymous  with 
Cybele.  1  have  followed  this  description  carefully,  with  specimens  of  both  in 
hand,  and  am  unahlo  to  determine  which  he  describes.  He  says,  "prinuiry  wings 
'tawny  orancfr^ — at  the  posterior  margin  is  a  drep  nrnnge  hand  edged  with  black;" 


I  : 


AlKiVNMS   II. 


"liciH'utli,  ill  tlic  cxtcriinl  iiii;;l»'  nrc  live  silver  iniirj;;iiiiil  (riiiiifilfs  Kiiniioinifcil  in'/h 
lihtrL' ;"  scci  (III  juries  iiliilenieiilli  "  iiiive  ii  pule  /turn  if  iiinn/ina/  /iiiiii/,  ji  null'!;  ilia  I  series 
of  seven  triiili^llliir  spots  r(///. '/  //•////  ///arl."  None  of  tliese  eliiiriieters  lieloiij;  to 
Aplirodite,  and  unless  it  lie  the  color — "tawny  orange"  "and  the  tawny  marginal 
liaiid" — lioii"  l)elong  to  ( 'yliele. 

Mr.  A.  K.  (Jrote,  wlio  spent  si\"ral  iiioiitlis  the  past  year  (lH(i7)  in  exaniin- 
ing  tlie  principal  entomological  collections  of  lOniope,  informs  me  that  in  none  of 
them  are  ilicsc  two  species  separated,  sonu'times  being  lalitdeil  by  one  name,  some- 
tiinoH  by  the  other. 

The  desciiplioii  df  ( 'ybele  by  I'^abriciiis  is  as  follows: — 
•'  Alis  (li'iii;itii  liilvin  nijirii  iii;i(iil.iti>:  i»iil)lus  mai'iiliH  'M  iir^'cntciM. 
I'iij)i7iii  /idjiliiiix.     ('ram.  Ins.  r>,  t;ilp.  .^T,  li','.  1''.  1'". 
Haliital  in  .\iiioi'i('a. 

Statiira  ]ira('('i'ii('iitimii  [i.e.  .\t;laja.  .Xplirndih",  I'Cc  ].  .\i  lo  (iiriiifn  ilontatac,  liiliMiMiifrrn  niapulntnc 
Sul)f  us  I  ill  111  I. •!  iirlo  in  alis  ant  iris  ct  L'l'i  in  ]iiisticis  arirrntca.      I''a>cia  ll:i\  a  in  alis  |i(isli('is  aiilc  inaVLrini'lil." 

This  description  is  correct  in  the  es.sential  parlicidars,  c(//or  A/Avy/M,  .second- 
aries with  a  1,1  llnir  li(tiiil.  The  e.xacl  iiiimlier  of  silver  ^pots  is  immaterial,  as  in 
both  ypecies  they  vary. 

The  ilescription  of  Aphrodite  is  as  follows: — 
".Mis  ili'iit.-ilis  I'lilvis  niiri'i)  iiianilatis :   jmsliois  snlidis  i'uAi'is  ;    niarulis  21  arj;ontois. 
Habitat  in  Anniiia  im  riiliniiali. 

Mi'ilius.  AntiMiiiae  I'l'rrn^ini'ao  flava  iiii:i'.i.  apici;  I'crni'^iiu'a.  .\lai' supra  I'ulvai'.  iiii.'rii  niaoiilatac. 
Suiitiis  anticao  f'nlvao,  iiii;rii  mariilalao  juiiK'tisi|ni'  i|natiinr  apicis  arfioiitcis.  I'usticai!  t'lisi-ut'  I'ascia  apifi.s 
flavosccnto  iiiaoiilisiiuc  24  arL'i  :it('is." 

(\)](tv  fii/i''iii!< ;  fori'  wing  hem nlli  fiilrmn^;  hind  wings  /tniiaf/i  fii.^coiix,  {\\;it  is, 
black  and  red. 

This  description  applies  particularly  to  .\phi'odite  female. 

I  therefore  present,  lor  the  first  time,  descriptions  and  figures  of  the  males  and 
females  of  both  species,  (ybele  is  the  lai'ger,  and  the  diffei'eiice  in  color  between 
the  soxes  is  much  less  than  in  Aphrodite.  In  the  latter  the  male  is  much  smaller 
in  ])rop()rtion  1o  the  female,  is  brighter  colored  than  ('ybele,  and  has  very  little 
brown  at  base  of  wings.  The  black  markings  are  noticeably  more  delicate,  tho 
marginal  lines  on  primaries  neari'r  together,  more  or  less  txclnding  the  fulvous 
spots  which,  in  ('ybele,  ai'c  distinct  along  the  wiiole  margin.  The  margin  of 
secondaries  also  has  an  edge  line  like  the  primaries;  the  median  band  is  formed 
of  small  crescents,  separated  by  wide  spaces  and  obsolete  on  costal  margin  ;  an«l 
there  is  no  black  space  between  the  costal  and  subcostal  a.s  in  CVbele.  On  the  un- 
der side  the  silvt'r  marginal  and  costal  spots  are  decidetl,  while  in  (.'ybele  they  are 
usually  wanting,  or  indicated  l)y  a  few  scales  only;  the  basal  color  of  secondaries 
is  cinnamon-lirown,  and  tho  band  is  more  or  le.ss  encroached  on  by  the  ground 
color  ;  the  pyriform  spot  of  third  row  is  cut  Ijy  the  are  as  in  (  ybele,  but  the  smaller 


usm 


ARGYNNIS  II. 

spot  thus  made  is  edged  above  Avith  black  and  is  in  eiibct  a  distinct  spot.  Com- 
paring the  females,  Cybelc  is  luteous,  very  dark  at  base,  heavily  marked  with 
black.  Aj)hrodite  is  suffused  -with  a  I'ich  red  tint  that  seems  as  if  in  tli"  very  tex- 
ture of  tlie  Aving,  and  that  makes  living  sj)eeimens  consj)ier.ous ;  the  under  side  of 
primaries  is  red  fulvous,  of  secondaries  deep  ferruginous,  and  the  band  is  almost 
"wholly  crowded  out.  I  have  taken  scores  of  individuals  of  both  species,  in 
many  localities  and  for  many  seasons,  and  there  is  no  mistaking  either  at  first 
glance. 

Cybek'  is  Ibund  in  the  lowlands  of  Xew  York,  and  in  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania and  A'irginia  and  westward  to  Illinois.  IIoav  much,  farther  south  I  am  un- 
able to  say,  but  have  not  received  it  in  collections  from  Georgia,  Florida  or  Louis- 
iana, nor  from  beyond  the  [Mississippi  River.  In  West  Virginia,  on  the  Kanawha 
Elver,  it  is  abundant  in  June  and  September,  frequenting  gardens  and  clover  fields 
'.i.  June,  and  later,  the  Iron  Aveed,  in  company  with  innumerable  Pajjilios,  Vanes- 
sas  and  llesperians,  and  occasionally  an  Ajiliroditc  or  Diana. 

Of  the  larvie  nothing  is  known,  as  is  unfor;unit('ly  the  case  with  the  larviC  of 
a,  large  proportion  of  our  buttcrllies.  Probably,  like  the  European  species  of 
■this  family,  it  feeds  upon  the  wild  violet. 


it: 


II 


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!     :! 


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m:  I  i-'i'Yi'^  1  ^  ■ 


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ARGYNNIS  III, 


ARGYNNIS  Al'IlUODTTK.     1  —  1. 

Ai-;///nni^  Aj>hro(fi'f''  (  A]ili-ro-iII-ti' ),  Fiiliriciiis,  Kiit.  Syst.  llf.  -llli.     (';/lrli  ?  (loilnrt,  Ent.  ^Icth. 
IX,  204.      Kii-by,  Faun.  I'.ni-.  IV. -J'.);!.      Harris,  Ins.  .Mass.  istl.'.  l'S."), 

Primarii'.s  hi'oad,  istniiinly  iin-Iicd,  slightly  concave  (ui  hind  marii'in. 

Malk.      JCx|>iiiids  '1  to  '1:1  inches. 

Upper  side  i>ri,iilit  :vd  t'nlvons,  siiLihtiy  obscui'e  at  base,  niai'ked  and  s])otted 
with  bhick ;  priniai'ies  edited  by  a  donble  niarninal  line,  enclosinii'  between  the  ncr- 
vulcs  t'nlvons  streaks  next  inner  angle  and  points  at  apex;  other  niarking.s  as  iu 
Cybele,  but  more  delicate. 

Secondaries  liav(  also  a  doulile  marginal  line  more  sepai'ated  than  on  prima- 
ries and  enclosing  a  clear  t'nlvons  space,  the  snbiiiarginal  at  thc!  intersections  ex- 
panding into  sjHits  that  extend  a  little  distance  npon  the  nervnle ;  the  marginal 
crescents  as  in  (Vlxde,  but  I'educed  ;  the  I'onndcd  spots  minute;  the  median  row 
consists  of  small,  widely  separated  ci'cscents;  the  mark  on  the  ark  like  the  letter 
S;  fringes  bud'  at  the  emaiginatioiis,  black  at  tips  of  nervules. 

Tiider  side  of  primai'ies  rc(ldish  next  base  and  on  innei'  margin,  l)nff  towai'ds 
apex,  with  brown  apical  patch  and  hind  margin;  on  the  patch  two  or  three  silver 
spots;  the  border  edged  by  lanceolate  spots,  the  lower  two  black,  the  other  six 
brown,  enclosing  silvei'  s|)aces. 

Secondai'it's  have  the  l)asid  two-thirds  cinnamon  brown,  which  color  so  en- 
croaches on  the  bulf  space  that  is  between  the  two  outer  rows  of  silver  spots,  espe- 
cially at  the  extremities,  that  it  does  not  pnsent  a  pure  band,  as  in  ("vbele;  hind 
margin  same  brown  as  on  pi'imaries;  on  this  I'csts  a  sei'ies  of  seven  silver  spots, 
the  two  next  apex  lu'arly  oval,  the  rest  dentate:  the  second  row  consists  (tf  seven 
elongate  or  pyriform;  the  third  of  six,  the  first  cre.<cent.  second  miiuite,  third  often 
wanting,  fourth  pyriform,  cut  by  the  arc  into  two,  the  lower  as  wi'll  as  the  up[)er 
edged  above  with  black;  fifth  crescent,  sixth  minute;  within  the  cell  one.  some- 
tini"s  two  r(»und  spots;  an  oval  lielow  the  median  ami  two  ])atches  at  i>a<e:  all 
edged  with  black  above,  except  the  outer  row.  which  is  edged  with  i)rown,  and  the 
two  basal  patches,  shoulder  and  abdominal  niaigin  heavily  silvert'd. 

Hody  above  color  of  base,  beneath  bull',  legs  and  jialpi  bi'own  ;  anteunie  ful- 
vous abo-v-e,  pale  below  ;  club  black  ferruginous  at  tip. 

Fi:.M.\Li:.      Expands  •_'.(!  inches. 

Less  fulvous  than  the  male,  the  outer  lind)  inclining  to  luteous ;  sutruscd  on 
the  basal  half  with  a  iiery  tint,  very  noticeable  in  fi'csh  specimens;  hind  margin 
of  primaries  lias  a  heavy  black  bortler  enclosing  fulvous  streaks  and  points;  base 


!      r 


^i; 


AUUYNNIS   111 


f 


!iii(l  inner  margin  rccldi.sli ;  soconcliirios  IxMiciith  ncai'ly  covcivd  with  dense  ferrugi- 
nous almost  obliterating  the  band. 

This  sjHK'ies  has  usually  been  confounded  with  (yliele.  For  a  full  comparison 
of  the  two  sec  the  preceding  ])a|)er. 

A})hrodite  is  common  throughout  the  southei-n  and  less  elevated  ])arts  of  Ivew 
England  and  of  Canada,  butulso  of  the  mountainous  parts  of  southern  New  York 
and  of  Pennsylvania,  iind  is  occasionally  found  in  West  A'irginia  and  as  far  west 
as  Illinois.  Mr.  Scudder,  in  his  List  of  .Ihitterllies  of  New  England,  says  it  is  not 
foniul  among  the  White  Mountains,  wheie  it  is  I'eplaced  by  Atlantis.  In  the  Cats- 
kill  Mountains,  of  ^.'ew  York,  it  is  a  very  connnon  species,  but  not  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  Atlantis,  which  also  is  tolerably  abundant.  The  males  are  first  seen  in 
that  reaiion  from  the  1st  to  lOth  of  Julv  and  the  females  about  the  loth,  living 
through  the  open  woods  and  upon  the  still  uncut  meadows.  In  the  sunlight  the 
red  tint,  esp(>cially  of  the  females,  is  intense.  Something  of  this  is  lost  in  cabinet 
s])ecinu'ns,  but  it  is  always  sulliciently  ])reserved  to  show  a  strong  contrast  to  Cy- 
bele.  lii  the  Northern  States  Aphrodite  produces  but  a  single  brood.  In  West 
Virginia,  upon  the  Kanawha  Iliver,  there  are  two,  in  Jun(>  and  8epteml)er.  These 
southern  specimens  are  less  brightly  colored.  I  have  never  seen  the  larviX",  but  am 
infornu'd  by  Mr.  1).  \V.  J 'eadle,  of  St.  Catherines,  Canada,  that  "they  feeil  upon 
all  kinds  of  wild  vi(jlet,  that,  they  feed  at  night,  but  lie  concealed  during  the  day 
beneath  chips  or  stones  on  the  ground.  In  appearance  they  nuich  resemble  the 
larvte  of  V.  Antiopa,  and  are  found  early  in  July." 


:i 


ITrHwr.  !]■/  Ms,rypHatt. 


bovver,  htb  F'V'iia 


NO  KOMI  a  .  1.?;  6,3,4  9. 


ARGYNNIS  IV. 


ARGYXNIS  NOKOMTS. 

Arrji/niiis  .Vr//,v;)(n'.t  (  N'o-ko'-iiiis),  Ililwurds,  I'roc.  Acid.  .Vaf.  Sci.  fMiil.  1302. 

PrimaricH  broatl,  Btroiigly  nrchcd,  slightly  coiicnvc  on  liind  murgiii. 

Mali;. — Expiinds  8.4  inclics. 

Ujjpor  side  iiiiifonii  fiery  fid vnus,  very  little  dusky  at  l)as(  ;  hind  inaririiis 
edged  by  two  parallel  blaeU  lines,  the  outer  one  delicate,  the  other  heavv,  the  i'ld- 
vous  spaocH  between  cut  into  spots  by  the  black  nervules;  both  wings in.scribed  and 
spotted  with  bhu^k,  more  coarsely  than  in  AphrodUc;  the  rounded  spots  small;  the 
clear  fulvous  extra  discal  spare  notably  })road;  tiie  submarginal  spots  on  piiniaries 
hiuidar  at  apex,  otherwise  serrate;  (jii  secondaries  lunular,  separated  from  eaeh 
other  and  from  tlie  marginal  lines;  tlie  mesial  band  of  se(;oudarieai  formed  of  sepa- 
rate cri'scents;  the  spot  on  arc  like  the  letter  S. 

Under  side  of  primaries  bright  red  at  base  and  on  disk,  changing  to  fulvous 
on  outer  limb  and  (piite  to  bind  margin;  apical  portion  gulden  yellow,  the  anterior 
six  submarginal  s[)()ts  well  silvered;  lour  silvered  subapical  sfjots,  the  u[i[)er  two 
minute,  eaeh  on  an  olivaceous  ground,  posteriorly  edged  by  black  scales. 

Secondaries  uniform  golden  yellow  from  ba,-e  to  margin;  the  silver  spots  con- 
spicuous, the  outer  row  entirely  surrounded  by  black,  and  all  tlu^  others  iieavily 
edged  anteriorly  by  black;  the  seven  spots  of  outer  row  narrow,  eloiigalcd  except 
the  two  at  outer  angle,  which  are  broad  ami  rounded;  of  the  eight  spots  of  second 
row,  the  first  three  from  costaand  fifth  and  sixth  rounded,  the  iourth  small,  seventh 
lanceolate,  the  eighth  a  dash  on  the  margin;  the  third  row  of  ihri'e,  largt^  and  ir- 
regular; in  cell  a  rounil  spot  in  black  ring,  m  oval  below,  and  two  spots  without 
eilging  at  origin  of  upper  nervures;  costa  and  abdominal  margin  lightly  silvered. 

Jjody  above  fulvims,  below  bulf  slightly  tinted  with  fidvous;  legs  buff;  palpi 
buff,  deep  fulvous  at  tip;  antenme  dark  brown  abeve,  fulvous  below;  club  brown 
tipped  with  fulvous. 

Fk.malk. — Expands  ;>.i)  inches. 

Upj)er  side  dark  chocolate  brown,  tiie  black  markings  inilistinctly  siiown;  the 
disks  spotted  with  bright  yellow,  which  takes  the  form  of  a  common  band  of  spots 
separated  by  the  black  nervules,  and  very  imieli  resembling  in  sinqicand  distribu- 
tion the  blue  spots  on  DhuKi  female,  enclosing  in  same  way  as  in  that  species  the 
roundeil  extra  disc:il  black  sj)()ts;  these  elongated  spots  an?  sometimes  tinted  slightly 
with  fulvous,  especially  on  primarie.'j,  and  are  much  and  irregularly  irroruled  with 


w 


i;n.i 


AROYNNIS   IV. 

black  sfiilps;  tho  suhmiiri^itiiil  luniilcs  nn*  yellow  jiml  (he  spaces  botwcon  tlio  mar- 
ginal liiu's  partially  so,  giviii;;  tlio  oH'cct  of  a  (loiil)li'  row  of  inarj:;inal  spots  on  sec- 
ondaricH;  in  tlio  cell  of  primaries  two  transverse  yellow  stripes  and  nearer  hase  a 
8tri[H}  eomposed  of  gri'enish  seales;  under  side  similar  to  male  exce|)t  that  tlie  yel- 
low is  more  doeided  and  not  golden  and  the  margins  of  both  wings  as  well  as  the 
apieal  portion  of  primaries  much  irrorated  with  black;  tlut  subapieal  silver  spots 
are  also  on  a  black  ground;  soeondaries  have;  the  basal  portion  much  obscured  by 
a  greenish-brown  tint,  and  much  irrorate<l  with  black,  the?  belt  between  the  two 
outer  rows  of  silver  sj)ots  Iteing  clear  yellow  and  immaculate. 

From  5,^  2$,  brought  from  Arizona  by  the  Exploring  JCxpcdition  luuler 
Lieut.  AVhceler,  in  l.SJl,  l)Ut  with  no  further  intimation  of  their  locality.  Tho 
original  specimen  from  which  the  (leseri])tion  of  the  species  was  drawn  was  received 
by  me  in  1H(>"J,  through  the  Snuthsonian,  and  was  labelled  "  Hitter  Root  Mountains." 
Until  the  ])resent  year  (lH7li)  it  has  been  an  uni((ue  in  my  collection  and,  so  far  as 
I  know,  not  found  in  any  other.  But  the  species  is  so  superb  an  one  that  I  have 
not  hesitated  to  redraw  the  plate.  It  is  allied  to  Lc/o  in  many  respects,  in  the 
geiuM'al  appearanc(t  of  the  upper  side  of  the  male,  and  in  the  colors  of  the  female. 
But  in  the  shape  of  the  spots  the  feinali'  bears  a  curious  resemblance  to  JJlana.  I 
regret  that  1  am  able  to  add  u(»thing  of  its  history. 


hi  !^ 


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I'll' 


ARGYXNI8  V. 


AKGYXXTS  ATLANTIS.     1—3. 

Arr/t/nni.t  Athintix.      K.l\v:ii-il>.  I'nic.  Aca'l.  Nut.  Sri.  I'lill.,  H(i2. 

r*riiiiari('-  loiii;'  iiud  narmw,  iiioilci'atcly  ari'licil ;  liiml  inarii'iii  .^lig'litly  convox. 

Mali:.     Expands  from  1.7")  to  2."J-"»  iiicli(s. 

Upper  side  fidvoiis,  obsouro  at  l)a.«';  hotli  wiii^s  liavo  !)road  l)lark  hind  ma'- 
gins  which  enclose  more  or  h>ss  f'idvoiis  hetwecn  the  nervnles  of  seeon(hirie.<,  a  id 
at  inner  ani^le  of  primaries;  the  niarninal  spui-  cither  liinnlar  or -ei'rate,  ol'tcn 
eoidhient  on  secondaries  as  on  primaries,  and  reslini;'  on  tlie  hor(h'r  ;.  tlie  s[iots  of 
median  row  on  secondaries  narrow  and  conlhient,  forminjj;  an  ;ui;iidar  l)and,  in  this 
res])ect  dilferini!;  from  tlie  otlier  Athintic  s])ecies;  the  other  markiiiiis  as  in  Aphro- 
dite ;  friiii^'cs  yclhiwisii,  lilaek  at  tips  of  iiei'viih  -. 

FiuK'i'  side  of  primaries  I'eddish.  costa  and  apex  liji'lit  linlf  with  lii'own  apical 
patch  and  hind  margin  ;  npon  the  patch  two  silver  s[iots;  on  the  mariiin  ei^ht  >er- 
rate  s[)ots,  the  tipper  si.x  hrown  encdosing  silver  trianules,  the  two  lowei'  black. 

Secondaries  dark  reil  hrown,  mtich  mottled  with  greenish  ni'cy  or  with  dral)  ; 
the  band  lietweeii  the  two  outer  row  of  sjiots  pale  yellow,  tisiially  yiwvo  iVoiii  mar- 
gin to  mariiin  ;  upon  die  border  a  series  of  seven  triangular  silver  sjiots  edged  be- 
low with  hlaidc  and  nhove  liy  a  few  black  scales  preceded  by  brown  Innule-;  the 
second  row  consists  of  seven  rounded  or  oval  spots,  each  ]»roiecting  a  brown  shadow 
upon  the  band;  the  third  row  of  six  spiots,  of  which  tlie  fourth  is  cut  into  two  by 
the  arc  and  the  smaller  spot  edged  above  with  black;  two  round  s])ots  in  the  cell, 
a  third,  long  oval  at  origin  of  median  and  two  at  base  of  upper  nei'vuiis;  all  <'X- 
cept  the  la.st  edged  aiiove  with  black  ;  the  round  spots  and  i.ival  wh(dly  ;  sliouider 
and  abdominal  margin  liroadly  silvrcd. 

I'ody  above  color  of  base  of  wings  ;  beneath,  aljdou.en  yellowi.-h,  thorax  grey; 
palpi  reddish  grey;  anteniuc  fulvous;  club  black,  tipped  with  ferruginous. 

Ff..M.\i.E.      Expands  I'mm  'l.'l')  to  "2.7")  inches. 

Color  inclining  to  luteous;  the  black  margins  v(>ry  heavy. 

Atlantis  is  re;idily  ili-tingnished  from  Aphroilite  hy  its  smaller  size,  duller 
color,  broad  black  margins,  conlhient  median  hand  of  secimdaries  and  color  of  same 
wings  below ;  also  by  the  longer  and  narinwer  fore  wings,  it  is  found  in  the 
mountainous  districts  of  New  York  and  i:i  Uritish  America  at  least  a^  I'ai-  noi'lh 
as  ]lu]K'rt's  House,  Hudson's  l>ay,  and  l^alcc  Winnipeg.  Among  the  ('a'.-ki!l 
mountains  of  Xew  York  it  is  not  uncommon  in  ei'i'lain  localities,  such  as  narrow 
passes  through  the  UKruntaius  and   in  the  gr;.ss  litdils,  which  in  tiiost>  places  often 


■!  Ill  f  ! 


'VT,';  '^'a;-?nT"rpnTrr>W-!BJe  '  W  ■■*'!P"  ^"WUffWUSS^ 


AU(;V\MS  V. 

pkirt  llic  forest.  IJnt  it  is  nii'ciy  to  ho  seen  in  the  o[)Cn  country,  where  Ajijirodite 
nl)uuii(ls.  'J'iie  males  tipiieai-,  in  llie  Catskills,  early  in  Juno,  two  or  tliroi'  weeks 
hofore  Aplirodito.  Thi'y  may  he  soon  in  company  with  Limenitis  Arthemis  and 
L.  Prosor])ina,  alighted  in  smail  clustorH  among  the  damp  leaves  hy  the  road  side 
or  upon  offal  of  any  descrij)tion.  All  these  fq)ecies  ar?  attracted  hy  any  (lecaving 
animal  matter,  and  a  jneco  of  meat  or  a  dead  hird  or  snake  lias  irresistihle  charms 
for  them.  ]\rr.  Scudder,  in  the  List  of  lUitterflics  of  Now  England,  mentions  that 
Atlantis  is  common  in  tlie  valleys  ahout  tlie  Wliitc  Mountains  the  last  of  July  and 
early  in  August,  wliich  is  a  month  and  more  later  than  tliey  appear  in  tlie  Cats- 
kills.  The  northern  specimens  arc  diminutive  in  size.  According  to  Mr.  Scud- 
dor,  Aj)hrodito  is  not  found  among  the  White  ^Mountains.  The  three  species,  At- 
lantis, Aphrodite  and  Cyhelo  f)ccu[)y  sevei'ally  northern,  middle  and  soutliern  l)elts 
of  the  Athintic  slo])o.  Of  the  otlier  two  large  Atlantic  species,  Diana  strictlv  ho- 
longs  to  a  holt  still  more  southern  than  Cyhelo.  I<lalia  alone  is ',erv  generally 
distrihuted,  th(Kigh  nowhei-o  eommoa,  being  found  occasionally  from  Elaine  to 
Georgia,  east  of  the  Alleghenies. 

The  larvfo  of  \tlautis  I  am  unacquainted  witli,  but  I  am  informed  by  Mr. 
Scudder  that  the  late  Mr.  C.  II.  Slmrtleff  found  both  larva)  and  pui)a?  at  Eastport, 
]Maine.  lie  seems  to  have  left  no  memoranda  respecting  them  but  the  foUowinsr, 
taken  from  his  Journal;  "they  suspend  themselves  by  the  tail  to  rails,  boards  or 
logs  lying  on  the  ground." 


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IVI 


Ali(;VNNIS  VI 


AlKIYXNIS   (alupim:.    i— 4. 

Argijnniit   CulUppr.  (<':>\-]\\,'-]H't   l!(>i.s,luv;il,  Ann,  .<.«■.  Knt.  .1.'  I'ruir,-,  'J  sor.  x.  p.  r,02.     \^'>'2. 

Primaries  loii.i^,  iiiirrow.  moilcriitcly  arrhcd.  slii;litly  coiicavc  on  liiiul  margin. 

jMalk.      Kx|iiiii<ls  2.:')  iiirlics. 

Tppcr  si. ic  (lull  I'lilvoiis,  very  much  obscured,  the  ncrvulcs  heiiii:;  hroadly  edged 
with  black, and  inner  angles  ofboth  wingsand  three-tburths  the  surface  of  socond- 
aries,  of  same  color ;  hind  margins  blacis,  with  heavy,  conlhieiit  dentations  :  th(> 
discal  intersnaces  of  |ii'imaries  and  marginal  spots  ofboth  wings  of  a  |)aler  fulvous 
tlian  the  ground  color,  and  on  sccondariirs  an  extra  median  row  of  still  lighter  spots, 
corresponding  to  the  silver  spots  of  lower  surface,  each  starting  from  the  black 
median  l)and  (which  is  conlluent)  and  terminating  in  one  of  the  rounded  l)lack 
spots;  other  markings  of  liolh  winu's  a-^  in  the  allied  species;  fringes  yellowish, 
Wack  at  tips  of  nervules. 

Umh'r  siilc  of  primaries  fidvous  at  base  and  along  the  lower  nervures  and 
thoir  1)ranches;  costa,  outer  half  of  cell  and  inters[)aces  on  the  disk  clear  yellow; 
the  outer  limb  mixed  or  mottled  with  fulvous;  the  sul)maiginal  sei'rations  black- 
ish next  inner  an'j;le  and  almost  wanting  above,  enclosing  triangular  spots  more  or 
less  silvcreil;  two  silver  spots  on  subapieal  ])ati'h. 

Secondaries  vellow,  the  basal  two-thirds  more  oi-  less  mottled  with  reddish- 
brown  of  a  darker  shade  than  that  of  primaries  ;  the  l)and  between  the  outer  rows 
of  spots  clear  yeUow,  immaculate;  the  silver  spots  are 'J:'.  or  L' I  in  number,  viz:  the 
martjinal  row  of  >^vvv\\,  large,  triangular,  all  edged  above  with  brown;  the  sec.md 
of  eli^-ht,  the  first  and  lifth  obovate,  second  and  third  long  oval,  fourth  mimite, 
sixth  loll"-  anil  rectangular,  seventh  an<l  eighth  irregular,  all  edged  slightly  abov(> 
withbhicic;  the  third  row  of  tbur  or  livi',  the  lirs(  large,  semi-oval,  second  often 
wanting,  third  pyritbriu.  cut  by  the  arc,  lifth  a  streak,  the  iirst,  third  and  Ibarih 
edited  above  with  black:  in  the  cell  one  or  two  small  rounded  spots,  a  third,  long 
oval,  at  base  of  median,  these  wholly  eilged  with  black  ;  a  silver  ])atch  at  Inise  of 
costal;  shoulder  and  abdominal  margin  silvered. 

TMxly  above  dark  fulvous,beneath. yellow  on  abdomen. greyish-yellowon  thorax  ; 
paliii  grey  fulvous;  antenna'  fulvous;  club  black,  ferruginous  at  lip. 

Femali:.     Expands  nearly  three  inches. 

Color  paler,  fading  to  whitish  on  the  disk  and  in  the  extra  nu'dian  and  mar- 
ginal spots  of  secondaries ;  the  black  markings  heavier  than  in  the  male ;  under 
side  paler,  but  similar  to  male. 


ARGYNNIS  VI. 


i.  1 


' 


From  (Ailitbrnia.  Tlu;  most  fominoii  or  only  spocics  of  Aiyi/nnis  found  in 
vicinity  of  San  Francisco,  accordin-;  to  Dr.  UvUv,  wlio  adds  "  it  stvms  pretty  uni- 
versally distrilmtcd  tlirou^liout  our  State.  There  exists  l)nt  one  generation,  and 
the  inia.ii;o  is  found  in  dune."     Oftlie  larva  I  can  obtain  no  information. 

It  is  didieult  to  determine  this  species  from  the  dia,i,niosis  of  Dr.  Hoisrhivai, 
whicli  possibly  includes  at  least  two  species,  lh(.  other  heinj,^  Coroiii,;  liejir! 
Dr.  Boisduval  does  not  notice  the  dark  coloration  of  upper  .surface  or  the  con- 
spicuous pale  K])ot8  of  secondaries,  Jlut  the  present  is  the  Hjiecies  designated  by 
the  nanu'  in  our  collections,  and  is  so  rccogn  !  by  J)r.  iJehr  in  his  paper  on  tl 
Argynnitles  of  California,  A/ut.  Acad.  Saf.  ,Sci.  Calif.  lSt;2. 


le 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT.3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


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13  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  U&dO 

(716)  873-4503 


,.<l- 


■Mr-  •-1.-1 


1  .vn-.,A  '     '.:•]    •■l.i." 


:ir:  s:^i:  n  ib  i  ":  .*  j  v 


ARGYNNIS  VII. 


ARGYXNIS  HE8PEKLS.    1-3. 

Argynim  Tfcsperis,  Clles'-po-ris)  Kdward.,  S  ,  Proe.  Km.  Soc.  I'lul.  ii.  j,  no.'.    1804. 
Primaries  long,  narrow,  nioderatdy  arclu'd,  l.incl  niar-in  .sli..-litly  convex 
Mai,i;.     Expands  1>.;;  iiiclios.  ^  ^     j 

Vppvv  si.le  ,1,.,.,,  tMl  voMs,  ol,,sn.ro  at  haso ;  prin.arics  have  a  narrow  black  hind 
margin  ;  the  snhniarginal  .sj)ots  .sornito  and  conllucnt. 

Secondaries  bordered  by  two  fine  parallel  lines  on  which  the  .spots  are  serrate 
sometn.u-s  .lentate;  the  niedian  .spots  fbr.n  a  narrow,  continent  band,  as  in  Adcn.i 
its  ;  other  niarkn.gs  of  both  wings  as  in  that  species ;  fringe  yellowish,  black  ut  tips 
01  nervnie.s.  "  '■ 

Uiuler  side  of  primaries  pale  fulvous  inclining  to  iuteous;  the  apex,  upper 
part^.vf  margin,  apical  patch  and  upper  serrations  f^-rruginous ;  the  si;)ts  within 
he  latter  bufi;  lower  serrations  blackish  enclosing  fulvous  .spots  ;  the  spots  on  patch 
bull  as  also  are  tlio  apical  iiiters[)aces. 

8cH-o.idaric^  deep  t;.,-n.ginous,  excepting  the  space  between  the  two  outer  rows 
of  spot.s,  which  IS  buf},_an.    immaculate ;  ( Imt  occasionally  this  space  is  encroached  on 
by  the  ba.sal  color,  as  ,n  Ap/u-oclilc ;)  the  spots  are  L>:5  or  24  in  .lumber,  viz :  the  mar- 
gnial  row  of  seven,  triangular,  edged  ab.ve  with  ferruginous;  the  second  row  of 
eight  mostly  narrow  and  .-longated  ;  the  eighth,  on  inner  margin,  lunular  and  in- 
comp  ete;  all  but  the  eigiuh  projecting  a  ferruginous  shadow  on  the  buff  belt  and 
all  edged  above  with  black;  tli..  third  row  of  four  or  five,  the  first  lunulAr  second 
minnte  or  wanting,  third  semi-oval,  cut  into  two  by  the  arc,  the  lower  part  ed-red 
al,ove  wuh  black,  the  fourth  and  fifth  streaks ;  all  these  are  edged  above  with  black  • 
within  the  c<.l    one  or  two  small  round  spots;  an  oval  at  base  of  me.lian ;  tlie.se 
la.st  wholly  edged  with  black;    a  patch  at  base   of  costal;  .shoulder  and  ab.lo- 
niinal  margin  greyish  ;  all  the  spots  are  buff,  some  of  them  occasionallv  sprinkled 
with  a  few  .scales  of  silver.  «     i 

Tiody  abov,.  color  of  base ;  bencUh  greyish  ;  palpi  reddish-grev  ;  antonn.o  ful- 
vous, club  black  ti[»[)ed  with  ferruginous. 

Female.     Expands  '2A  inches. 

Paler  colored,  but  otherwise  similar  to  the  male. 

Found  in  Colorado,  and  first  taken  by  Mr.  James  Ridings  in  1864.  It  seems 
to  be  not  uncommon  in  that  region. 


i  if 


It 


A:iji(i?^'HHjr^. 


•^?jL]n[„ 


•^ml^      ,-4     '  / 

^  ^"T-'  •••• 


\ 
.    2?*^' 


M\  wTj. -C'LA  id  ''■  :;  4  V 


ii 


ah(;ynms  vin. 


AIKIYXNIS  >r()NTI( OI.A.     1—1. 

Ariji/nnU  Monllcoh,  Helir,  I'roc.  (":il,  Aciid.  Nar.  Sci.  l»r,j.  p.  172,  und  l^OH,  p.  84.  /.,nnf, 
Boisduviil,  Ann.  Soc.  Kni.  Fr.  \^'<1.  \\.  ;iii;!. 

rriinarics  l)nt;i<l,  iiKtdcriitcIy  iirdicd.  .«li;:litly  «<tiic!iv('  (in  liiiid  iniirgiii. 

Mam:,     Kx|tan(l.-<  '_*.('•  iinlics. 

r|»l't'r  side  l>iiiilil  I'ldvuii.-:,  marked  and  .-"iHdtcd  witli  Idack  a.s  in  alliccl  spofics; 
both  \vin;.f.s  I'dLicl  hy  a  dimlilt'  lint.'  wliicli  cnclu-i'-H  fulvitiis  H|»acc.-<  liciwccn  the 
nervuk's ;  the  Hul»niarj;inal  spots  arc  himdar  on  secondaries  ami  hniidaror  dentate 
on  primaries,  eonneeled  Avitii  eaeli  other  and  with  the  mari^inal  lines;  the  rounded 
.spots  on  ((liter  lind»  unusually  laru;e,  e.\eept  the  J'ourth  on  secondaries  and  the  lour 
upper  ones  on  primaries,  which  are  minute;  the  median  l)and  on  primaries  heavv, 
the  st'purate  spots  of  which  it  iscomposeil  much  dill'iiT-ed;  that  of, secondaries  heavv 
and  eonlluent  ;  the  eelhdar  spot  of  secondaries  like  the  letter  S,  l)ut  varies  nuich, 
beinjj;  sometimes  very  open,  and  sometimes  comitri'ssed  into  a  rouml  spot ;  frin^^es 
yellowish  at  the  emar;;i nations. 

Under  Bide  of  primaries  hright  red-fulvous  over  the  whole  l)ase,  disk  and  in- 
ner ma  r<f  in  ;  costal  and  apical  j)orti(ins  hutl'w'th  a  violet  tinge  m'xt  the  hind  mar- 
gin; this  margin  and  the  apical  patch  hrown  ;  same  markings  as  on  upper  surface  ; 
the  suhmarginal  spots  idackish  next  inner  angle,  hrown  towards  ajiex,  enclosing 
severally  fulvtais  or  hull'  spaces;  on  the  patch  iiuH"  spots. 

Secondaries  violet  hrown  mori'  or  le.<s  mottled  with  clear  hrown  ;  between  the 
two  outer  row-s  of  spots  a  ludt  of  rather  paler  shade  than  the  grounil  color,  much 
encroache<l  on  by  the  l)rown  shadows  projected  hy  l»(»th  ntws  of  spots;  hind  mar- 
gin brown;  the  spots  are  twenty  two  in  nundter,  vi/ :  scvi-n  submarginal,  long  and 
very  narrow,  edge«l  without  by  a  few  scales  <»f  black  ;  eight  median  of  moderate 
.size,  heavily  edged  with  blackabove;  thethird  row  of  four, all  heavily  edged  with  black 
above,  the  fir.st  and  third  crescent,  the  second  cut  by  the  arc,  the  lower  part  edged 
with  black  above;  in  the  cell  one,  sometimes  two,  rounded  spots  and  an  oval  below 
the  median,  surrounded  by  black;  all  these  spots  light  bulf  without  silvering. 

Body  above  fulvous,  below  bull";  legs  light  bull";  )>alpi  same  color  edged  with 
fulvous;  anteuriic  black  above,  fulvous  Indow ;  club  black  tipped  with  fulvous. 

Female.     Kx])ands  2.8  inches. 

Color  somewhat  paler  than  the  male ;  the  ])lack  markings  heavy ;  the  spots 
enclosed  in  the  submarginal  dentations  paler  than  the  ground.     Under  side  like  the 


AIKiVNNls   VIII. 
imlMlH.  „,,i,.al  H,„,t  on  primari..  H..,n..ti.„c.s  silven..!.  an  alno  tl»o  outrr  row  ou  sec 
A.rordin^r  to  Dr.  I}.].,-.  (pn,HT  first  nt.d)  "  tho  ,liafi„osi«  of^m;,r  T]ois.I 

In  a  letter  fn.n.  I,.,  IJ.,.r.  da...!  San  J.^nMu-is...,  A..,.  10,  l.S.S,  |...  ..  s.  ■  : 

.•./...  l.a.n,    .M  .hlli.n.nt  lon.Ii.i.s  iron.  J. /..:..     It  in    norc  aip  n.    am    L 
tonn.l  ,n  tl.o  \  o  Son.itc  valley  an.l  „tl,er  n.onntain  loealitie«  " 


^,  t. 


^v?lTJC-nC;p'. 


:L/Vi,'.'Vor,E  .'. 


I 


if 


ARGYNNIS  IX. 


ARGYXXIS  IIALCYOXE. 

Argynnia  ILdci/onc  (II;iI-c_v'-o-nc).     New  s]iccics. 

Primaries  broad,  moderately  arcliod,  concave  on  hind  mar"-in. 

Mali:,     Expands  2.")  indies, 

ri)l)er  side  fulvous,  inclining  to  hilcous,  very  little  duskv  at  the  base;  the 
hind  margins  bordered  by  two  parallel  lines  which  enclose  narrow  fulvous  spaces 
between  the  nervules;  thesubmarginal  8p"otsof])rimaries  serrated,  enclosing  spaces 
a  httlo  paler  than  the  ground  color ;  those  of  secondaries  hinular  and  connected 
with  each  other  asAvell  as  with  the  marginal  lines;  the  median  l)and  of  secondaries 
confluent;  other  markings  as  in  the  allied  species,  less  d,.licate  than  in  J/rspcns, 
but  very  much  more  so  than  in  Montlcola;  fringes  luteous,  black  at  tips  of  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  pale  fulvous  at  base  antl  on  inner  mar-in,  yellowish 
or  buff  on  costa  and  disk,  with  brown  sub-apical  jiatch  ;  hiixl  margin  vellowish- 
brown;  sub-marginal  spots  serrate  at  inner  angle  and  black,  toward^he  apex 
lunular  and  brown,  all  the  latter  enclosing  spots  more  or  less  silvered ;  on  the 
brown  patch  two  silver  spots;  the  other  markings  of  upper  surface  repeated. 

Secondaries  deep  red-brown,  more  or  less  mottled  with  yellowish  ;  hind  margin 
brown,  paler  towards  anal  angle;  the  space  between  the  two  outer  rows  of  silver 
spois  encroached  on  by  the  basal  shade  ;  the  silver  spots  are  twenty  two  or  three  in 
number,  viz :  the  outer  row  of  seven,  rounded  or  oval  at  outer  an-le,  remainder 
elongated,  all  edged  slightly  al)ove  and  below  with  black  scales  and  surmounted  bv  a 
broad  blown  shade;  the  second  row  of  seven,  the  first  three  and  fifth  obovate,  Amrth 
small,  rounded,  the  sixth  and  seventh  nearly  rectangular,  edgcl  above  with  black- 
tac  third  row  of  four  or  five,  the  first  and  fourth  crescent,  s.coml  often  wantin.-,  third 
pyriform,  cut  by  the  arc,  fifth  on  the  margin,  a  streak,  all  ed-ed  above  wiiirblack  • 
HI  the  cell  a  rounded  spof,  another  below  median,  both  surrounded  with  black  •  two 
small  patches  of  silver  at  base  of  nervures ;  shoulder  and  abdominal  margin 
heavily  silvered.  ^ 

Body  above  luteous,  beneath  yellowish;  palpi  yellowish  ;  antenna)  dark  above, 
lulvous  below  ;  club  black,  ferruginous  at  tip. 
Female  unknown. 

From  hvo  specimens,  taken  in  Colorado  by  Dr.  Vclie,  and  now  in  the  collec- 
tion of  B,  D.  Walsh,  Esq.  of  Kock  Island. 


T 


AXSiS-THKHIS. 


'JCn 


Bowrn*  l»  lltl.  Villi" 


liawi    i>v  M.ir'/l-»-V* 


LKTO    12  6  3  4  9 


ARGYNNIS  X. 


ARGYNNLS  LETO. 

Argt/nnis  Lcto,  Bchr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liil.  18C2. 
Priraarias  broad,  moderately  arched,  slightly  convex  on  hind  margin 
Male.— Expand.s  from  2.G  to  3  inches. 

Upper  side  pale  fulvous,  obscure  at  base,  lightly  marked  and  spoiled  with  black- 
huul  marguis  of  both  wings  bordered  by  two  fine  parallel  lines  between  which  the 
space  IS  fulvous;  primaries  have  a  submarginal  row  of  serrated  .spot.,  not  touchinrr 
each  other  or  the  marginal  lines;  a  transverse  line  of  rounded  spots,  an  indistinc't 
bar  on  costal  margin,  sometimes  wanting,  a  zigzag  median  band  of  separated  spots, 
mostly  lunular;  outside  the  arc  a  spot  shaped  like  the  letter  P  inverted,  and  three 
sinuous  bars  across  the  cell. 

^  Secondaries  have  a  submarginal  row  of  lunate  spots,  separated  and  not  touch- 
ing tne  marginal  lines,  a  second  of  small  r,  i.nded  spots  or  points,  and  a  mesial  of 
small  Widely  separated  crescents  in  size  and  shape  like  those  of  Aphrodite;  on 
the  arc  a  pyriform  or  obovate  spot. 

^  Under  side:  primaries  pale  fulvous  at  base,  light  buff  on  costal  margin  and 
in  the  marginal  interspaces,  the  nervules  edged  with  brown;  the  sub-apical 
pate  1  brown;  submarginal  spots  serrated,  enclosing  buft" spaces,  not  silvered-  other 
markings  as  on  upper  surfiice. 

Secondaries  dull  ferruginous  from  the  base  to  second  row  of  spots;  between 
the  two  outer  rows  a  broad  bulf  b(>lt  as  in  Cybcle;  the  silver  spots  are  twentv-one 
or  twenty-two  in  number,  viz;  seven  submarginal,  lunate,  edged  with  ferruo^hums 
below  and  above;  the  second  of  seven  or  eight,  all  but  tiie  last  heavily  edge.lal.ove 
with  black,  and  projecting  a  brown  shadow  upon  the  belt,  the  first,  second  and  fifth 
largest  third  and  sixth  half  the  size  of  the  others,  the  fourth  minute,  the  .seventh 
and  eighth  (when  present)  streaks;  the  third  row  of  three,  edged  also  with  black 
above;  a  sniall  rounded  spot  in  the  cell,  a  patch  at  origin  of  median  nervure  and 
another  at  base  of  costal;  costa  at  base  and  abdominal  margin  sijohtlv  if  at  all 
silvered.  o      .  >  , 

Body  above  dark  brown,  beneath,  abdomen  yellowish;  palpifulvous;  antenme 
fulvous;  club  black  tipped  with  fulvous. 


w 


ARGYNNIS  X. 


Fkmali:. — Expands  I?  inches. 

Upper  sulo  (lark  fcrrufj;! nous-brown  from  base  to  niiildle  of  disk,  and  beyond, 
to  tlio  bnjwa  margin;'!  band,  greyirfh-yollow.  On  the  under  Hide,  j)riinari('s  have 
the  base  and  inner  niar<;in  ])ort-wino  coh)r  and  the  apical  and  costal  jiortion,  as  far 
OS  middle  of  cell,  greyish-yellow;  secondaries  have  thf  basal  two-thirds  deep  ferru- 
ginous, and  between  the  two  outer  rows  of  s[)ots  a  clear  band  of  greyish-yellow, 
brighter  colored  than  on  upper  side;  spots  as  in  the  male. 

This  species  has  been  found  somewhat  abundantly  in  the  Yo  Semite  district 
of  C.difornia  and  in  Oregon.  The  males  that  have  reached  our  collections  aro 
mostly  in  good  condition,  but  with  the  exception  of  two  females  received  from 
Oregon,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Henry  Edwards,  all  the  specimens  of  that 
sex  known  to  me  have  been  faded  out  to  a  pale  brown  and  sordid  white,  without  a 
trace  of  their  orijiinal  beautiful  coloring.  The  contrast  between  the  sexes  in  this 
species  is  of  same  nature  as  in  Diana  and  Nokomls,  and  it  is  a  very  curious  prob- 
lem how  the  sexes  in  these  species  have  come  to  differ  so  remarkably  when  in  near- 
ly every  other  member  of  the  extensive  genus  Argynnis  they  arc  essentially  alike. 


I 


^Wli       ■■  XT 


Ai::rv.'rtP::.  ::.:-',  -.-t^ 


.E-..v.--;v't  '      j'l. 


f 


ynm 


I 


Mi 


if' 


"  i: 


IlM"'5, 


•'1"  \ 


■Ay-    «:f 


ARGYNNIS  XI. 


i\PGYNNIS  ED WAllDSII.    1—4. 

Argijnnist  Edwards!!,  ]'ve>kirf,  I'roc.  Ent.  Soe.  Phil.,  iSfiT. 

Priiiuiries  long  iiuJ  auiTDW,  moderately  areliod ;   slightly  concfve  on  liird 


margin. 


^Ialic.     Expands  nearly  8  inclics. 

Upper  .«ide  juih;  fidvouB,  a  little  dusky  at  base,  marked  and  spotted  with  black; 
hind  margin  edtii'd  by  two  fine  ]»arallel  lines,  on  which  rest  a  series  of  connected 
lunidcs,  which  enclose  fulvous  spots  a  shack^  paler  than  the  ground  color;  other 
mai'kings  as  in  the  alHed  species,  rather  more  delicate  than  in  most;  a  sagittate sj)ot 
in  the  submediau  inters[»ace  near  base. 

Secondaries  have  the  extra  discal  spots  small;  a  discal  band  of  small  separated 
lunules ;  tlio  spot  on  the  arc  like  the  letter  C ;  fringes  luteous  in  the  emarginati:)ns. 

Under  side  of  primaries  jiale  reddish  fulvous  at  Itase  and  along  the  posterior 
nervides;  remainder  of  wings  light  buif,  except  the  apex  and  hinil  margin,  which 
are  greenish  ;  the  submarginal  silver  spots  are  seven  in  number,  triangidar,  the  three 
posterior  ones  edged  l>y  blackish  sagittate  spots ;  three  anterior  subapical  spots  sil- 
vered, the  middle  one  large,  sub-ovate. 

^(.'condaries  pale  olivaceous  somewhat  mottled  with  but!';  the  band  between 
the  two  outer  rows  of  silver  s])ots  nuich  encroached  on  by  the  ground  color,  as 
in  Aphrodite',  the  silver  spots  are  twenty-four  in  nundjer ;  viz.  seven  submarginal, 
large,  lunular  or  sub-triangular,  each  edged  above  by  olivaceons;  the  second  row 
of  seven,  the  f)urth  minute,  the  others  large,  mostly  sub-ovate,  sliglitly  edged  altove 
with  black,  and  below  j)rojecting  olivaceous  shadows  on  the  band;  the  t'ii-d  row  of 
five,  the  first  and  fourth  luiudar,  the  second  minute  or  wanting,  the  third  largo,  j)yri- 
form,  cut  by  the  arc,  the  fifth  a  stripe  on  the  margin,  all  edged  above  Avith  black ; 
in  the  cell  one  or  tworo-.iaded  spots  and  three  at  origin  of  the  nervures  ;  shoulder 
and  abdominal  margin  silvered. 

Body  above  fulvous,  below  buf!';  legs  and  palpi  fulvous;  antenna,"  dark  brown 
above,  light  below;  club  black,  ferruginous  at  ti}). 

Femalr.     Expands  2.8  inches.     Primaries  shorter,  hind  margin  straight. 

Upper  side  obscured  by  black,  much  as  in  C(i//i)>j)r,  showing  like  that  species 
pale  lunules  within  the  submarginal  sjjots  and  a  discal  row  of  ])ale  s{)ots  corres- 
ponding in  shai)e  to  the  second  silvered  row  of  under  side;  apex  ot  primaries 
also  paler  than  the  ground  color ;  hind  margin  of  primaries  broad,  blackish,  of  sec- 
ondaries similar  in  color,  but  of  medium  width. 


J 


1 


■1\ 


ARGYNNIS  XI. 

Under  side  as  in  male  except  that  apex  and  hind  margin  of  primaries  and 
whole  of  secondaries  are  of  a  deeper  olivaceous,  a  paler  shade  of  same  color  tinting 
those  i^arts  that  in  the  male  are  buff;  the  silver  spots  large,  the  outer  row  triangu- 
lar, slightly  edged  by  black  above ;  the  spots  little  if  at  all  edged  by  black. 

Larva  unknown. 

From  specimens  taken  by  Mr.  James  Ridings  in  the  mountains  near  Emjiire 
City,  Colorado,  in  August  18G4. 

This  species  had  been  known  in  collections  for  several  years  piior  to  Mr.  Ri- 
dings' expedition,  from  the  collecting  of  IMessrs  Wood,  Drexler,  and  others,  and  had 
been  erroneously  taken  for  Aglaia,  an  European  species  to  Avhich  it  bears  some  re- 
soiri1)]aiico.  As  Dr.  Behr  has  remarked  "  nearly  all  the  Californian  Argynnides 
(wliich  includes  the  Rocky  ]\Its.  and  Eastern  species  as  v.cll)  belong  to  the  type  of 
A(/hiia,  which  is  altogether  more  developed  and  more  numerously  represented  on 
this  continent  than  in  th    old  world,  where  the  tyj^e  oi  FapMa  takes  its  place." 


1} 

f      if 


B,     i  t 


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t^     '• 


f--,wr»i'>  '     li'r    1 1.ii ' 


t  FUi'  f;:;-i1  i  :  -     4  ^ 


ili 


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ill  ^;i 

!     11 


! 


ARGYi\NIS  XII. 


ARGYNNLS  BJ<:ii  H KXS II.     \ _t. 

Ar>j,/miis   lirhrcnHi,  Ethvaivls,  Trans,    Anicr,    Kut.  S,r',  Into. 

Primaries  narrow,  slightly  arched,  concave  on  liind  margin. 
Male.     Expands  2.2  inches. 

Ann  ^f'^;'7;:''  ''""  f"^.^'""'^'  "'"^'^^  «^^«c"rcd  at  l)ase;  primaries  bordered  by  two 
hne  parallel  lines  enclosing  very  narrow  fulvous  spaces  between  the  nervules  ;  rest- 
mgon  these  a  series  of  small  black  crescents,  each  enclosing  a  f\ilvous  spot;  the 
round  submargnial  spots  of  medium  size;  other  markings  as  in //..^^n-/; and  al- 
lied  species.  o  /         "• 

Secondaries  liave  a  double  marginal  line  enclosing  large  fulvous  spaces ;  the 
Z  1  ll'^'il'''''','-''  ""'  ^l"^te  touching  each  other  or  the  line;  the  rounded 
T^Zfl  U  "  ^-^^Vonfluent,  forming  an  unusually  narrow  band,  much 

like  thatof  //.,^;.m;  on  the  arc  a,  recurved  black  spot  enclosing  a  narrow  ful- 
vous space;  between  the  submarginal  spots  and  median  line  a  row  of  pale  fulvous 
spots  corresponding  to  the  second  silvered  series  beneath. 

Under  side:  primaries  light  buff,  at  base  and  along  the  nervules  i)ale  ferru-W- 
nous;_on  land  margin  and  at  apex  dark  brown;  the  marginal  spots  sagittate  bhu-k 
next  inner  angle,  deep  brown  above  and  near  apex  lost  in  the^rouml  J^r^lL 
upper  hve  enclosing  silver  spaces;  on  the  sub-apical  patch  three  silver  spots;  other 
markings  as  above.  ^       ' 

Secondaries  of  a  deep,  dense  ferruginous,  (much  as  in  female  Aphrodilc)  which 

ro  "  ofTr    I  "' -^  '""^^^ ''  """"^^  violet-brown  space  b/tween  the  outer 

ro^vsof  spots;  these  are  twenty-one  or  twenty-two  in  number,  all  silvercnl  vi/ ■ 
seven  submarginal,  narrow,  elongated,  edged  above  bv  broad  ferruo-inous  crescents- 
asecond  row  of  seven  mostly  oval  or  pyriform  ;  a  third  of  fi  ve,  of  wh ich  the  first  and' 
third  are  semi-oval,  the  second  a  point,  fourth  and  fifth  streaks  on  the  maro-ia  • 
both  the  two  last  rows  narrowly  edged  with  black;  in  the  cell  a  round  spot  and  a 
point;  an  oval  at  base  of  median,  another  at  base  of  costal ;  shoulder  and  abdominal 
margin  lightly  silvered. 

Body  above  fulvous;  beneath,  abdomen  buff,  thorax  covered  with  "rav-ful- 
ferru  inous  ^'''^^''  ^"^^°"''  ''''^'""'^  ^^^"^  ''^°''''  ^"^'''"'  ^'^°'''  '^"^  ^^''^^'  ^'^ 


U  ;i 


ARGYNNIS    XII. 

Female.  Expands  2.4  inolics.  Upper  side  of  a  duller  shade ;  the  marginal 
borders  of  primaries  broad,  black,  with  no  fulvous  sj)ace;  the  submarginal  cres- 
cents heavy,  enclosing  very  small  pale  fulvous  spots  ;  other  markings  heavier  than 
in  male. 

Tender  side  similar  to  male,  except  that  primaries  have  the  base  and  hind  mar- 
gin deep  fulvous  ;  secondaries  have  the  same  ferruginous  tint  with  a  similar  violet- 
brown  submarginal  si)ace. 

Taken  at  IMendoiIno,  California.  From  1  r?,  1  ?,  iu  thoT'ollection  of  James 
Behrens,  Esq.,  San  Francisco,  to  Avhom  I  tidce  pleasure  in  dedicating  tliis  fine  and 
distinct  species. 


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AUdYNNlS  ZKKKNK.     1—1. 

Anii/iiiiU  Zrriiii .  llnixliiviil,  Anil.  I'.iil.  Soi',  |''r..  Ix.'rJ.      lldir,  >  N'.i.  !l  >  I'l ,  Cal.  Acml.  \;it.  Sri. 

l>^'i-*.     IvUviinls,  I'nir.  Kilt.  S(M'.  IMiil..  IsiU.      //,/,/„ .y„  .  liuis.lnviil.  I,r|,    ,1..  luCiir,..,  ImIH. 

I'l'iiiiiirics  liroiid.  strdiiiily  iirclird,  iniii'li   iihiikIciI  iit  jipcx,  cinivcx  mi   liiml 

iiiar^iii. 

^^Al,l;.      lv\|i;iii(ls  L'.l   to  •_'.•'!  iiidirs. 

I  |>|icr  ,~iilc  deep  t'lilvniis  ;  liiml  iiiiiriiiiis  elided  l»v  two  line  pMridlfl  lines  wliirli 
Cllclnsc  II  I'ldvim-i  s|i,i('(' ;  (tii  tlicsc  rrst  ;i  scries  nt'  licnvy  l)l;l<'k  lilindi'S,  edmieeted 
oil  |iriiiiaries,  se|iiiriileil  on  seeomhiries  ;  other  iiiiii  kiiiLis  iis  in  Moii/lcn/n  ;  tViniies 
vellowisii  in  tlie  eiiiiirniiiiitions. 

I'llder  side  of  pi'iiiiiiries  eiiiiiiiiiion  I'ed  e\ee|it  at  apex,  wliere  it  is  lniH';  siil)- 
apieal  p:iie!i  I'eri'iigi lions ;  spots  without  silver,  imlV  except  at  inner  an^h',  tliere 
yiill'iised  hy  th(^  ground  color. 

Secondaries  leri'iiuinous,  mottled  with  IhiH',  which  is  usually  more  or  less  tint- 
eil  with  pink  ;  suliniarn'inal  hand  much  covered  liy  the  i'ei'nii;inoiis  shadows  pro- 
jected liy  lioth  rows  ot' spots  ;  hind  margin  terruu,inous  ;  spots  yellowish  hull',  with- 
out silver;  the  seven  suhmai'ji'iiial  larii'e,  idiiiided  or  t rianiiiilar,  edn'cd  aliove  and 
hclow  liy  a  lew  dark  hrowii  .scales,  and  ahovealso  liy  t'erruninous  luiiules;  the  sec- 
ond row  mostly  large;  the  first,  second,  third,  iit'tli  and  sixth,  nearly  c«|Ual  in  size, 
suhovate,  all  heavily  eilgcd  ahove  with  hlack  ;  the  third  row  of  live,  of  which 
the  iirst,  fourth  and  iif'lh  are  semi-oval,  the  second  a  point,  the  third  large,  pyri- 
foi'in,  cut  hy  tlu^  arc,  all  heavily  edgeil  ahove  with  hlack  ;  in  the  cell  one  or  two 
suiiill  spots  ill  hlack  rings,  and  an  oval  in  ring  at  liase  of  median. 

Body  above  fulvous,  below,  thorax  grey-fulvous;  legs  biilT;  palpi  ImlT  below, 
fulvous  above;  autenna>  brown;  club  black,  tip  ferruginous. 

Fk.mai.i;.     Expands  12. 1  inches. 

Upper  side  dull  fulvous,  much  obscin'cd  at  base;  the  sub-apical  I'lilvous  sjtots 
pale;  under  side  of  jirimaries  deeper  red;  spots  without  silver. 

California;  found  according  to  Dr.  15elir,  bet  ween  Nevada  ( 'ity  and  ])ear^'allev. 

In  18()2,  ill  ])a[)er  above  cited,  Dr.  JVhr  says,  "The  diagnosis  that  Dr.  llois- 
duval  gives  of  Zereno  certainly  comjn'isos  two  species,"  and  he  temporarily  desig- 
nates the  two  as  Nos.  8  and  1*  in  his  list  of  (.'aliforniau  Argynniiles.  hi  his  subse- 
quent paper  of  18G3,  he  names  No.  8  Monlicola,  leaving  Zrvcne  to  the  other  species. 


n 


I* 

.1  I 


I     i! 


,  III 


!' 


ARGYNMS  XIII. 

Ill  1804,  Pi'oc.  Eiit.  t^ot'.  riiila.,  I  translatt'd  J)r.  Bulir's  (.k',scTi])tion,  H])[)lying 
the  iiaiiu!  Zcrcnr,  Buis.,  to  the  species  Xo.  !). 

In  ISOD,  Dv.  Boisduval  publislicd  liisswuiul  paper  on  Califbrnlan  Lejiidoptcra, 
utterly  ignoring  all  that  had  been  done  by  Icpidopteri.sts  sinee  18;')2,  and  luiined  as 
new  thirty-five  s[)eeie8  of  buttcrflie.s,  the  greater  part  of  whieh  have  l)een  described 
in  Proceedings  of  scientific  societies  years  ago.  In  the  other  orders  Dr.  Boisdu- 
val has  proceeded  with  like  indiflerence. 

In  the  last  i)aper  he  intimates  that  his  former  diagnosis  of  Zcrene  includes 
two  sj)ecies,  and  he  aj)[)lies  that  name  to  Jfoiiticofa  Behr,  giving  to  the  other,  that 
of  Ilyddiipe.  Xevertheless  according  to  the  recogiiizi'd  rule  in  such  cases,  the 
names  Moitticnla  ixnA  Zcrene  Avill  remain  as  Dr.  Behr  determined  them. 

In  both  these  papers  the  very  general  descriptions  given  often  apply  to  two 
or  more  sj)ecies,  and  some  of  taem  will  continue  to  be  a  ])uzzle  to  students  who  have 
no  access  to  the  types  in  Dr.  Boisduval's  collection.  In  many  other  cases  it  is  im- 
possible to  tell  what  the  descriptions  are  intended  to  represent,  as  in  Anthocaris  lan- 
ccohtta,  C.  Amphhium,  P.  Lrucod'wc,  Mel.  PukheUa,  M.  Cocyta.  &c.  There  is  also 
a  constant  tendency  to  di^.cern  European  forms  undei  what  are  called  "local  mod- 
ifications," as  in  cases  of  A.  Aiiaonoides,  G.  Eu) yilwme,  Tlicela  dumctorum,  Cocn. 
Californiea  and  Gnlactlmt.^,  Thnnaos  Cervantes,  Ilcsperlas  Comma  and  Si/lvnnus, 
Avhich  is  calculated  to  perplex  and  mislead.  AVith  profound  respect  for  Dr.  Bois- 
duval, every  lepidopterist  in  this  country  has  cause  to  regret  the  confusion  thus 
introduced  into  our  fauna. 


RUg 


tera, 
(d  as 
ibcd 
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idc8 

that 

the 


two 
lave 
im- 
lan- 
also 
lod- 
hcn. 
mis, 
>ois- 
thus 


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8    ii     ' 


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rifc;vADE:wSTS  i  ^.  6  349. 


■i:siRciiu^».,ii.  Pill.' 


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lis 


ARGYNNIS  XIV. 


ARGYNNIS  NEVADENSIS.    1—4. 

Argynnis  Nevadensis,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Eut.  Soc.  iii,  p.  14. 

Primaries  long,  narrow,  strongly  arched,  convex  on  liinJ  margin. 
Mali:.     Plvpantls  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  pale  yellow  fulvous,  slightly  obscured  at  base;  hind  margins  bor- 
dered by  two  i)arallel  lines,  enclosing  throughout  narrow  fulvous  spaces  Ijctween 
the  uervules  ;  the  submarginal  luiiules  narrow,  serrated  or  lunular,  connected  with 
each  other  and  with  the  marginal  lines ;  and  enclosing  large  concolored  fulvoiis 
spots,  other  inarkings  delicate,  well  defined,  similar  to  those  of  Edwcmhii ;  tin, 
median  baud  of  secondaries  being  confluent  and  the  discal  sjjot  large,  ()j)en,  much 
like  the  letter  C  inverted ;  fringes  luteous,  ou  i)rimaries  blackish  at  entls  of  ner- 
vules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  pale  buff,  next  base  and  inside  the  two  cellular 
spots  wit!  a  faint  reddish  tint;  apex  olivaceous;  the  two  lower  submarginal  spots 
black,  enclo.  ing  buff  spaces,  the  others,  six  in  number,  olivaceous  encl(jsing  sil- 
ver spots;  submarginal  patch  olivaceous  with  two  silver  spots  and  sometimes  a 
third  Oil  the  margin.  Secondaries  yellow,  the  disk  mottled  with,  olivaceous  ;  the 
band  between  the  two  outer  rows  of  spots  narrow,  distinct ;  the  silver  spots  unusu- 
ally large,  iridescent,  24  ui  number,  viz:  seven  submarginal,  sub-triangular,  edged 
both  above  and  below  by  black  scales  and  above  by  a  broad  olivaceous  border;  the 
second  row  of  seven,  the  first  three,  fifth  and  sixth  nearly  e(iual,  subovate,  the 
fourth  small,  triangular,  th«  seventh  subquadrate,  all  narrowly  edged  above  with 
black  and  projecting  olivaceous  shadows  upon  the  band ;  the  third  row  of  five, 
the  first  semi-oval,  the  fourth  and  fifth  lunate,  the  second  obsolete,  thii-d  large, 
Rub-])yriform,  cut  by  the  arc,  all  narrowly  edged  witli  ])lack;  in  the  cell  two  small 
round  spots  and  below  median  a  long  oval,  these  three  edged  with  black;  two  sil- 
ver patches  at  margin  of  upper  nervures;  shoulder  and  alxlominnl  margin  lightly 
silvered.  IJody  above  fulvous,  beneath  buff;  legs  buff,  })alpi  buff,  ferruginous  above 
and  at  tip;  antennre  brown  above,  fulvous  and  grey  beneath;  club  black  tijiped  with 
ferruginous. 

Fkmale.     Expands  2.8  inches. 

Color  a  shade  paler;  the  marginal  lines  diffuse,  on  jirimaries  forming  ;•  1)road 
blacV  band  showing  traces  of  fulvous  spots  only  next  inner  angle;  the  spots  within 


mmm 


■''[  I'i 


ni 


ii 


ARUYNNIS    XIV. 

apical  lunulcs  whitish;  sccoiKhirit's  proscnt  a  row  of  8])ots,  a  shade  paler  than  the 
ground,  corresponding  to  llie  second  silvered  row  of  under  side. 

Under  side  of  ])riniaries  yellow  bnif,  deep  fulvous  at  base,  on  inner  margin 
tliroughout,  and  over  three  fourths  of  cell,  passing  into  reddish  buft'  towards  inner 
angle  ;  sub-marginal  spots  enclosing,  thntughout,  silver  s[)aces.  JSecondarii's  [)ale 
buff,  mottled  Avith  diu'ker  shade;  silver  spots  large,  the  second  row  completely  but 
delicately  edged  with  black,  the  sub-marginal  nearly  ovate. 

Taken  in  the  valleys  of  the  Hierra,  near  Virginia  City,  Nevada. 

In  the  mai'kings  of  up[)er  side  and  in  the  form  and  size  of  the  silver  spots,  Ne- 
vadciisU  is  nearest  JulwanUii. 

Mr.  lleniy  Edwards,  to  whom  we  owe  the  discovery  of  this  fine  species,  Avrites 
as  follows  respecting  it.  "The  range  of  Nevadensis  appears  to  be  very  limited  as 
I  have  only  seen  it  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  Virginia,  but  it  is  there  by 
no  means  rare.  It  loves  to  ilv  about  the  warm  canons  of  the  mountains  and  is  cs- 
pecially  abundant  near  Washoe  Lake.  This  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  about  two 
miles  wide  by  seven  long  ahrost  on  the  summit  of  the  s[)ur  of  the  Sierra  of  which 
Mt.  Davidson  is  the  highest  jjcak  and  on  the  sides  of  which  Virginia  is  built.  It 
is  nearly  GOOD  feet  al)ove  the  sea  level  and  its  shores  are  covered  in  the  Spring  with  a 
luxuriant  gi'owth  of  Composita.',  Violaceai  and  Liliacete.  About  this  Lake  during 
this  summer  (1870)  I  saw  scores  o^  Nrvndcnsis,  but  I  oidy  caj)tureda  few,  oAving  to 
th(>ir  wonderfully  swift  flight.  I  rarely  saw  them  alight  and  it  Avas  necessary  to 
take  them  on  the  wing.  Tim  males  are  very  jiugnacious  and  chase  each  (jther  Avith 
great  earnestness,  ''""he  capture  of  our  mountain  butterflies  is  always  a  task  of  diffi- 
culty from  the  uneven  nature  c*^'  the  ground,  and  frequently  the  Avork  is  terrible. 
One  has  to  toil  oAa'r  dry  mountains  covered  Avith  "sage  brush,"  Avith  not  a  tree  in 
sight,  and  rarely  Is  a  drop  of  water  to  be  found  throughout  a  days  tramp." 

Note. — Since  the  publication  of  the  plate  of  Arg.  Edwanhii,  that  sjiecies  has 
been  confidently  asserted  by  no  less  enunent  authorities  than  Dr.  Staudinger  and 
Mr.  Moschler  to  be  identical  with  A(//aia. 

Dr.  Staudinger  Avrites,  (ith  A])ril,  1871 :  "There  is  not  the  least  doidit  that 
A)'(/.  Edwardsll  is  Arrj.  Aj/hiui,  \ai\\\.  There  is  not  the  lead  difference  and  the 
Aijldia  from  Asia  differ  nuich  more  from  the  true  European  type  than  your  Ay- 
la'ia  of  Colorado,  which  differs  onl;/  in  ntinw." 

I  am  not  advised  that  either  of  these  naturalists  have  any  acquaintance  with 
the  American  species  beyond  Avhat  is  to  be  gained  from  my  plate  and  description. 
Certainly  the  insect  is  as  yet  excessiA'cly  rare  in  collections. 

At  the  date  of  ])ublicalion  of  the  [date,  (18()!))  I  had  the  use  of  the  few  spe- 
cimens collected  by  ^lessrs  Wood,  Drexler  and  Ridings,  Avhich  comprised,  so  far  as 
I  knew,  all  that  Avere  to  bc!  fouiid  in  collections  in  this  country.  Quite  lately,  Mr. 
T.  L,  Mead  has  placed  in  my  liauds  a  number  of  specimens  taken  by  him,  in  June 


i'* 


ARGYNNIS    XIV. 


of  the  present  year,  (1871)  in  Colorado,  viz.  15:?,  69,  all  of  wliieli  are  fresh  and 
in  the  best  })ossil)le  condition.  With  snllicicnt  material  therefore  for  coiiiparison, 
I  am  at  a  loss  to  see  the  resemblance!  between  this  s]>(>cics  and  Ai/Iain.  Indi'cd  it 
is  not  too  much  to  say  that  they  belong  to  diU'civnt  sections  of  tlie  ;;-cinis.  They 
constantly  dill'er  in  size,  in  the  form  of  the  win^s,  in  color,  and  in  the  numluT, 
size  and  shape  of  the  silver  spots.  The  form  of  the  fore-winjis  is  a  distinjinishing 
characteristic  lu'tween  species  of  this  genns,  and  so  is  tlie  size  and  shape  of  the  sil- 
ver spots,  especially  the  sul)-marginal  spots  of  both  wings.  ])r.  IJehr,  in  his  paper 
on  Californian  Argynnides,  I'roc.  Cal.  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.  A|)ril  21, 18(»2,  says  "of  great 
importance  for  the  diagnosis  of  these  specimens  is  the  shape  of  the  marginal 
lunuhe." 

tS>  also  does  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  ch-ar  butf  or  yell(nv  .band  between 
the  two  outer  rows  of  silver  spots  constitute  a  highly  imj)ortant  distinction,  as  is 
strikingly  exemplified  in  Cyhele  and  Aphrodite,  for  which  1  refer  to  the  plates  of 
those  species  in  this  Volume. 

As  to  the  species  in  question,  in  size,  Edwardsii  is  at  least  from  one  third  to 
one  half  the  larger  in  superficial  area.  As  to  shai)e  of  foi-e-wings,  in  the  male 
yl^A/w,  these  are  broml,  stronyhj  arched,  not  at  all  prodiurd  apically  and  as  nearly 
as  p(jssible  straight  on  kind  maryin.  In  the  female  they  are  distinctly  convex 
on  hind  margin. 

In  the  male  of  lidmnHhii,  the  fore-wings  are  remarkably  lonr/,  narrow,  much 
■produced  apically,  di(j}ithi  arched  and  distinctly  concarc  on  hind  margin.  In  the 
female  the  wings  are  shorter  and  broader  than  in  the  mah-,  but  the  margin  is 
strai;/ht,  not  rounded  iSIr.  Ueakirt  says,  "The  wings  of  this  species  are  rela- 
tively more  narrow  and  more  elongated  than  in  any  member  of  this  genus  witli 
which   I  am  ac(juainteil." 

The  margin  of  the  hind  wing  in  the  female  is  not  circular  as  in  ])oth  sexes  of 
A(jlaia,  hut  the  win;/  is  produced  so  that  the  outline  is  oral,  and  from  the  anal  angle 
to  upper  median  ni'rvide  the  margin  is  not  curved,  but  sfraii/ht. 

In  A</laia,  I  have  seen  no  specimen  with  more  than  the  faintest  traces  of 
sub-marginal  silver  spots  on  xnider  side  of  fore-wings — merely  a  few  silver 
scales — and  none  of  sub-apical  silver  spots.  The  figure  of  J'^sper  represents  no 
such  spots  and  that  of  iiumpiircys  reri/  small  viart/inal  lunular  spots.  AV^est- 
wood,  in  the  description,  makes  no  mention  of  them.  On  secondaries  the  spots 
arc  small;  the  third  row  from  the  margin  consists  of  three  only,  and  of  these 
the  miildle  one  is  truncated,  sto])[)ing  at  the  arc;  the  spot.s  of  the  second  row 
are  stmill  and  rounded  and  the  sub-marginal  are  small,  narrow,  and  lunate. 

In  Ji'dwardsii,  on  the  fore-wings  are  seven  conxpiciious  subnuirginal  silver 
triangles  and  three  sub-apical  spots,  ten  in  all ;  Ix'sides  these,  in  fresh  specimens, 
two  or  three  of  the  rounded  black  spots  in  the  mesial  row  ai'e  always  jiiore  or  less 
silvered.  On  secondaries  are  24  distinct  spots.  Tlie  third  row  contains  live,  the 
middle  one  of  which  is  very  large,  sub-pgrifonn,  cut  by  tlu;  arc;  of  the  second 
row,  six  are  large,  nearly  equal  in  size,  sub-ovate;  the  submarginal  are  la)'ge 
and  triangular,  in  the  female  all  these  spots  are  found,  but  they  are  still  more 
conspicuous,  and  the  submarginal  esi)ecially  so. 


ARGYNNIS    XIV. 


Ill  short,  the  Rpecies  is  reinarkal)ly  silvered.  The  silver  spots  also  are  hea- 
vily edged  with  black,  (luite  contrary  to  what  appears  in  Ai/htin. 

As  to  color,  passing  by  the  ui)per  surtace  as  of  less  consccpience,  though  the 
shades  of  fulvous  are  dillcreiit  in  both  sexes,  in  Afjkiia,  three  fourths  of  the  under 
surface  of  the  fore-wings  is  tinted  with  dull  fii/i'oun,  the  suhmurginal  portions  onlij 
being  ochraceous ;  the  secondaries  are  of  a  chroDic-cjn'vii  mottled  with  oeliraceous 
from  base  to  second  row  of  silver  spots,  and  the  hand  between  this  and  outer  row 
is  broad,  oehraeeoiis  and  not  encroached  on  by  the  basal  green  color. 

\n.  Ed }mrdsii,  deep  fulvous  covers  half  the  cell  of  fore  wings  and  that  part  of 
the  interspaces  next  below  the  cell,  and  the  median  nervurcs  are  narrowly  bor- 
dered Avith  same  color  nearly  to  the  T.iargin;  the  remainder  of  the  cell  and  all 
the  upper  interspaces  being  a  briglit  bull'.  In  the  female  tlie  basal  color  is  in- 
tensified to  a  fieri/  red,  covci'ing  the  whole  of  the  two  inferior  median  interspaces. 
In  the  male,  the  ground  color  is  ])<i.le  olivaeeous  motth'd  with  buff,  with  a  very  nar- 
row buff  hand  between  the  silvered  rows.  In  the  female  the  whole  wing  except 
the  submarginal  band  is  olivaeeous  vpon  a  brown  r/round,  giving  a  mottled  appear- 
ance to  the  surface ;  {ind  at  the  margin  and  anterior  to  the  marginal  spots  it  is 
wholly  brown  ;  the  sub'umr(jinal  bund  is  of  a  brighter  green,  owing  to  the  absence 
there  of  the  sub-color. 

These  dift'erences  are  specific  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  look  for  others  of 
minor  importance. 

On  referring  to  Humphreys  as  cited,  the  very  title  of  the  species  indicates  the 
peculiar  color  of  the  under  surface  of  secondaries;  "A.  Aglaia.  The  Dark  Green 
Fritillary."  The  description  reads.  "The  outer  margin  of  the  fore-wings  in  the 
males  is  almost  straight  or  scarcely  perceptibly  concave,  whilst  that  of  the  females 
is  distinrtlfi  rounded.  Beneath,  tlie  hind  wings  are  varied  with  green  and  yellow 
with  about  seven  silvery  spots  at  the  base,  an  irregular  row  of  seven  silver  spots 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing  and  a  row  of  seven  submarginal. 

Two  varieties  are  mentioned  by  Westwood  and  one  is  figured  under  the  name 
A.  Charlotta,  neither  of  which  have  any  nearer  approach  to  the  American 
species. 

Godart  says  of  Aglaia,  "The  silver  spots  are  usually  small  and  round" 

I  hav^  thought  it  well  to  go  thus  into  details  as  to  the  distinction  between 
Aglaia  ano  Edwardsii,  as  perhaps,  and  with  as  good  reason,  JVevadcnsis  may  be 
pronounced  a  variety  of  Aglaia. 

For  if  Edwardsii  is  Aglaia,  and  there  is  not  "  the  least  difference  except  in 
name,"  we  may  as  well  deny  specific  characters  altogether,  or  call  all  green  forms 
one  species,  all  brown  another  and  so  on. 

The  truth  is,  the  sooner  the  theory  of  identity  bi'tween  the  European  and 
North  American  fauna  in  this  department  is  ex2)loded  the  better.  It  is  founded 
on  the  merest  modicum  of  fact,  and  leads  its  advocates  into  inconsistencies  and 
contradictions.  Unquestionably,  certain  boreal  and  alpine  butterflies  have  passed 
from  one  continent  to  the  other  in  high  latitudes,  as  have  a  few  strong  flying  Va- 
nessans  and  Coliades,  but  I  believe  the  whole  number  common  to  the  temperate 
regions  of  both  continents  can  be  counted  on  one's  fingers. 


f 


Mils  EOT 'm^,ipi.^. 


1. 


jf^ 


,  IvMaivl-.Ji 


Pi(Wr-nA  I'-'  htli  Tlni" 


i'Ka:. (';_,)>  N  1  ..  i"-   ■  4  u; 


MIlLfTJlA  [. 


MELTT.EA  ClIALCKDOX.     I  — I 

MrUtja  C/M,,  (ri.Ml-cvMn,,)  I!„i.s,l,n;,l ;   |.,.uM,.,l.y  a,,,!  Ilcwitsun,  il.u.  Diur.  I,,,,  „1  -i  • 
Au...  Knt.  Sn...  ,|.,^F,.  is:,2.    l.;,lw,.nls,  |',„,..  |,„t.  S„c.  I'hil.  l,s(L'. 
]M.vm:.     E.\|)iiii(1s  iilxiut  two  iiR'lu's. 

/;i'l>''^-'-i'l''l'l'';-lcs|K.tt..awith|.alcM,(.lnvyyc.llnwi,HnnisvorsoHnuous 
tlu.  1UI..1  mar,-nH  ,>.It^,.l  l.y  a  sori.s  of  n.!  spots,  .onu.ti.n..s  ronspin.ous,  1„.(  u>,ia!ly 
H..ial,_rall.,.r  nHl.stUR.t  and  o.rasionally  wl.olly  wa.itin-  tl.o  vclNnv  HOots  vary 
much  .Ml  nulivi.luals  l.otli  as  to  si/o  a..,!  form  ;.l>,.t  usuallv  tl.o  first  on  Hul.-n.a/. 
ginalrowot  ].nmarms  is  mi.„.t,.,  (lu- s.roiul  ..f  ni.Mli.nn  si;,.,  l.ifi.l  on  cost,!  ,„ai- 
g.n,  tl.o  spots  of  tl.o  inner  l,n.n,.h  pa.'tially  iv-i;  tl.o  ti,i..l  row  son.rwiiat  laPMT 
than  the  second;  in  tho  cell  a  conipn^sse.l  ha.-,  a  spot  near  base,  an.l  on  i,,,,,.,-  n.ar- 
gin  a  turd  On  secondaries  iho  first  two  yellow  rows  arc  con.posed  of  s...all 
spots,  but  those  of  tl.o  third  a.'o  largo  and  elongated;  ibur  yellow  spots  ncir 
base.  ^ 

rnder  shlo  of  primaries  bright  brick  red;  the  marginal  border  broa.l,  ....nco- 
lored,  and  i.resent.ng  on  its  anterior  e.lge  a  series  of  deep  yellow  h.nules,  those  nevt 
inuor  angle  frequently  obsol,.te;  beyond  this  a  second  row  of  rou..d..d  spots  o,.e  or 
tAvo  patches  on  costa  and  sometimes  a  ^i.ot  in  cell;  a  black  line  on  the  arc  and  two 
transverse  hnes  in  cell  8econdari.>s  have  also  a  red  marginal  border,  a  Bubn.ar-h.al 
series  of  hirge  yellow  lunules  on  a  black  ground,  preceded  by  a  row  of  roun.led'deeo 
red  spots  on  a  black  ground,  ea.-h  edged  by  a  d,.licate  yellow  bonier;  across  the  disk 
abandot  largo  yellow  spots,  divided  by  the  black  h.n..l..s  and  cut  u.u„uanvat 
either  extremity  by  a  transverse  black  line;  next  b,>vond  this  a  ivd  band\.x. 
paneled  in  cell  a.id  there  enclosing  a  yellow  spot  in  a  black  ring;  at  base  of  ncrv'ures 
tour  yellow  spots,  and  another  on  shoulder. 

Body  above  black,  the  segm<.nts  .;f  the  abdomen  e.lg(..l  with  vellow  and  to- 
wards  the  extremity  with  red;  sides  of  abdou.en  red,  below  vellow;\horax  yellow 
legs  and  jialpi  red;  antennic  black  above,  red  below;  club  black. 

Female.     Expands  2.5  inches. 

Primaries  bnjader,  more  round 


apical ly;  spots  larger. 


M.VTriti:  Lauva.     Length  1.5  inch.     Color  black,  finel 


head  black,  bilobed 


compressed,  furnished   with  simi)le  black 


y  irroratcd  with  white ; 


from  third  segment  to  lust,  seven  rows  of  thick 


f'pines;  on  l)ody, 
many  branching  spines,  the  dorsal 


MEL  I  T^  A   I. 

row  orango,  the  others  hlue-Wack,  those  of  second  lateral  row  rising  from  tubercn- 
lateJ  orange  spots;  legs  anti  pro-legs  black. 

CiiiiYSALis.  Length  .7  inch  Cylindrical;  color  pearl-white,  marked  with 
])atches  and  j'oints  of  dark  brown ;  on  the  abdomen  several  rows  of  orange  tubercles. 

Mr.  Henry  Edwards  speakingof  CAf/Ztw/oft  says: — "The  perfect  insect  appears 
to  be  generally  distributed  throughout  the  Htate,  extending  also  into  Oregon  and 
Xevada.  The  lirst  individuals  make  taeir  appearance  about  the  second  week  in 
April  and  successive  broods  are  hatched  up  to  middle  of  July.  The  caterpillar 
feedo  ui)on  Scrophularia  chietly,  though  I  have  observed  it  upon  Di[)sacuH,  Castil- 
Icja  and  Loniccra.  It  is  one  of  the  most  abuiid-nt  of  our  species,  every  canon  lead- 
ing from  the  mountain  chains  to  the  valley  ^elow  being  productive  of  large  num- 
bers. It  is  an  active  insect,  seldom  remaining  settled  in  one  place  and  is  very 
pugnacious,  di'iving  away  e\  ery  other  butterfly  which  m:iy  venture  near  it.  On 
this  account  it  is  very  troiiblesome  to  the  collector  and  I  have  lost  several  rare 
insects  entirely  through  this  habit  of  Clialcedon.  Like  all  ]\[elitieas,  it  is  subject 
to  considerable  variation,  in  some  individuals  the  reddish  patches  covei'ing  nearly 
the  -whole  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  primaries.  The  female  is  far  less  common 
than  the  male,  is  inactive  and  Hies  but  little." 


T 


i    ' 


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y  A  r   ;■;  i  -  s     1    _     ^ 


i  ! 


:   1 


GRAPTA  I. 


GRAPTA  FAUXUS.    1-4. 

Grapta  Faunux,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  \iit.  Sci.  I'liil.  1802. 
Male.     Expands  2.1  inelios. 

PriiuurieH  deeply  incised  on  both  l.ind  and  inner  mar-ins;  hind  niaroi„s 
throngliout  irreoularly  dentated ;  a  prominent  tail  on  middle  of  secondaries  ami  a 
smaller  one  between  this  and  the  anal  angle. 

_     U])per  side  deep  orange  fnlvons,  paler  noxt  apex  of  primaries ;  base  of  both 
wings  and  abdominal  margin  of  seeon.laries  a  Ihtle  duskv,  the  latter  clothed  ^vill, 
long  hairs;  primaries  have  a  broad  black  hind  mai-in,  dilated  at  the  apex   bor- 
dered withm  by  a  series  of  obsolete  tawny  huuiles;  on  the  inner  ma.-in  a  lar-o 
black  spot  joins  the  marginal  band,  there  enclosing  a  tawny  spot ;  on  the  costal  iiun- 
fein  near  apex,  a  broad  abbreviated  bar,  black  withont,  ferruginons  within,  nu.s 
ouhqudy  back  almost  to  the  marginal  band ;  from  the  middle  of  the  costa  a  l.roa.l 
black  bar  extends  to  the  median  nerviire,  covering  the  arc;  within  the  cell  two 
round  black  spots  in  a  transverse  line  and  a  third  a  little  back  of  the  same  line  near 
inner  margin,  divided  unequally  by  the  lower  median  nervnle;  in  the  me.lian  in- 
terspaces, two  rounded  black  spots  placed  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  lirst  three  • 
costa   edge  <>f  both  wings  and  the  incision  of  inner  margin  of  primaries  sprinkled 
with  black  and  tawny ;  the  hind  margin  of  seeon.laries  is  black  slight!  v  tinted  with 
tulvous,  clouded  within,  and  passes  gra.hially  into  the  basal  color,  (x-cnpving  nearlv 
hait  the  wing;  costal  margin  broad,  brownish  black  ;  on  this  is  an  elon-ated  black 
spot  below  which,  nearer  the  cell,  is  a  second,  and  in  the  middle  of 'the  win-  a 
third,  divided  by  the  nervure ;  fringe  white  in  the  emarginations. 

Under  side.  Both  wings  dark  brown  next  base,  with  an  irregular  common 
blackish  band  across  the  middle,  darkest  on  its  outer  ed-e  and  within  the  abd..mi- 
nal  margin,  where  its  outline  is  obliquely  serrated  ;  bev.md  this  band,  the  color  is 
paler  brown  mottled  with  grey  white,  which  is  clearest  on  costa  of  primaries-  the 
whole  surface  cloiKled  with  vinous,  an.l  more  or  less  crossed  bv  line  ai)hreviated 
streaks  of  dark  brown;  apex  of  lu'imaries  yellow  brown,  with  three  small  lanceo- 
late, ferruginous  s])ots,  the  lower  one  enclosing  a  blue  or  green  j.oint ;  the  hind  mar- 
gin of  both  wings,  below  these,  is  bordered  by  a  series  of  conlluent  blue  black,  s<.me- 
times  olive  green  spots,  following  the  outline  of  the  win-;  a  little  aiilerl.u'  to  this 
another  series  of  rounded  spots  of  same  c.jlor.  those  on  secondaries  largest  and  some- 


M 


GRAPTA  I. 

times  having  black  centres,  on  primaries  minute,  except  the  two  at  the  ends  of  the 
row;  in  the  dise  of  secondaries,  a  wliite  G,  varying  in  form,  but  usually  thick  and 
angular  with  each  en(,'  sharp  and  barbed  ;  body  above  black,  covered  with  greenish 
hairs ;  below,  brown  grey ;  antennie  dark  brown  above,  whitish  below ;  club  black 
with  a  yellow  tip. 

Fkmale.     Expands  2.8  inches. 

Hind  margin  of  })rimarics  less  incised  and  the  dentations,  especially  of  sec- 
ondaries, h  prominent.  Color  of  upi)er  surface  a  shade  more  yellowish  than  in 
male.  The  under  side  in  some  cases  marked  as  in  male,  but  of  duller  colors,  and 
the  separate  markings  nuich  less  distinct.  In  most  however  the  color  is  greyish- 
brown,  darker  next  base;  the  submarginal  lines  and  green  spots  showing  faintly  ; 
the  silver  mark  delicate,  usually  open  and  like  that  of  Prozac,  but  sometimes  an 
angular  C. 

Larva  unknown. 

This  species  is  very  common  in  the  Catskill  Mountains  in  the  month  of  Au- 
gust, frequenting  the  forest  roads  in  company  with  a  few  Proyne  and  Comma,  and 
is  of  similar  haljits.  It  is  deeper  colored  than  its  allies  and  the  black  markings  are 
of  greater  extent,  making  it  a  conspicuous  species.  It  is  usually  seen  alighted  on 
the  ground,  and  although  alert  and  quick  in  its  motions,  may  be  captured  without 
difficulty.  The  species  is  also  common  in  the  Adirondacks  and  White  Mount- 
ains, and  probably  throughout  the  northern  part  of  the  continent.  I  have  received 
it  from  Fort  Simpson  and  from  Kupert  House,  Hudson's  Bay,  and  also  from  Nova 
Scotia. 


I 


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I.;  .     ii 


c5^:RiA.,.p^r'..^-,o 


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l>rii'«iiby  NTflry  Ptii 


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C!OMy.A,l,g,  6.   3,  4-    6,  .')  V   VAFi. 
a^Mitlure  Iiwvof 


^BSBBseoMmiiMni 


I  > 

.11 


II 


i|i;!i' 


(J  U  A  FT  A  II. 


GUAPTA  f'OM.MA.     1— o. 

Grnpta   Cmmu,  Harris,  Inn.  Muss.      <'.„//,„,„.  Fit,h,  Xuw  York  Ileports,  IS^iC. 

Male.     Expiuids  2.;5  inclus. 

PriinurieH  dc-cply  inciscl;  Ja,,,!  margins  slightly  .icntaU'd;  a  bm.d  tail  of 
luedmiii  length  on  niiddln  of  secondaries. 

Uj^i-cr  side  bright  fnlvons;  ].riniario8  havc^  a  black  marginal  band  of  nicdin.n 
width,  ddatod  at  apex,  edged  within  by  a  .s.Tie.s  <.f  ].alo  vellow  spots;  on  inner 
margin  a  lerruginons  patch  joins  the  marginal  bandr  a  similar  snb-apieal  patch  on 
costa;  on  costal  margin  a  broad  snb-rectangniar  blade  patch;  within  the  cell  two 
small  ronn.led  black  spots  transverse,  and  at  right  angles  to  these  three  others  in 
the  submedian  and  first  and  second  median  interspaces;  coslale(Jgesof  both  wings, 
and  the  incision  of  inner  margin  of  primaries,  s|.riid<led  with  black  and  yellow  "or 
pale  fulvous.     Secondaries  have  the  outer  limb  d.eep  ferru-inoiis  and  the  rest  of 
wmg  to  base  mottled  with  ferruginous  and  fulvous;  a  sub-marginal  series  of  small 
yellow  lunules;  on  costal  margin  a  large,  elongated  black  sj.ot,  another  of  small 
size  at  base  of  iirst  sub-costal  nervule  and  a  third  at  base  of  second  median;  fringe 
of  both  wings  fuseous,  whitish  in  the  emarginatioiis;  the  margins  themselves  nar- 
rowly edged  with  purplish. 

Under  side  mottled  in  shades  of  brown  and  yellow;  the  basal  sj.aee  limited 
by  a  line,  angular  ..n  pi'imaries,  wavy  on  secondaries,  next  inside  which  the  C(jlor 
is  darkest,  next   base   greyish;  in  cell  two  long,  narrow,  dark  spots;  extra  basal 
space  greyish;  apex  uf  primaries  dark  brown,  often  castaneous,  enclosing  „„  the 
edge  a  yellowish  spot  or  luiiule;  sub-a[>ical  patch  grey-brown  inclining  to  white; 
along  the  incision  a  broken  or  wavy  strij)e  of  metallic  blue,  anterior  to  widcli  is  a  icw' 
of  black  imints,  distinct  at  liie- extremities  and  the  posterior  ones  ench.sed  in  diva- 
ceous  patches;  costal  edge  spe.>ked  with  brown,  grey  and  buff.     On  secondaries 
the  extra  basal  space  is  motth'd  with  brown,  grey,  olivaceous  and  vellow;  the  sub- 
apical  ixitch  olivaceous  or  castaneous,  as  is  also  the  curved  stripo\'xten(ling  from 
this  patch  to  anal  angle;  along  the  margin  a  line  of  metallic  blue  lunules ''partly 
separated  from  the  patch  and  stripe  by  yelhnv;  a  row  of  black  points  as  on  prima- 
ries; the  silver  C  varies  in  size  and  foi'in,  being  thick,  rounded  ami  barbed,  or  deli- 
cate and  open  with  no  barb;  occasionally  also  interrupted  as  in  JiUrrrrx/afioms; 
the  whole  surface  of  both  wings  inscribed  with  fine  brown  abbreviated  lines. 


\i!  il 


GRAPTA    II. 

IJody  iibovc!  (liiik  IhIvdus,  the  tlionix  cuvcrcil  witli  j;r('('iiisli  lniiis;  Itclow  gn-y 
fernigiiioiis;  Icjis  pulr  ItiilV;  |Piil|»i  ImlT,  I'lilviiiis  iit  tip  iiml  iim!  on  ii|i|K'r  siili';  iiii- 
tuiiiuu  (lark  brown  above,  biiil' below;  eliilt  black,  yellowish  at  lip. 

Fkm.m.i;.     lOxpandi^  2/)  iiielies. 

Kathor  less  iiu-ised  than  tbi!  male  ami  on  iipjuM'  side  similar.  I'mler  side 
varviny;  between  dark  lirowii  and  vellow  brown;  in  eitber  ease  a  ";rev  sbade  over 
the  cxtrii  basal  space,  and  the  inarkinj;s  nearly  lost  in  tlie  j;ronnd  color. 

Commd  is  found  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States  and  at  least  as  far  West  as 
Illinois.  And  also  in  Canada  and  Uritish  America.  1  have  received  it  froni  Nova 
Scotia  and  fi'oni  Fort  Simpson,  Mackenzies  Uiver.  It  is  rather  local,  l»nt  where  it 
is  found  it  i.s  abundant.  It  is  one  of  tli(!  eominoiiest  species  on  tlu^  Kanawha 
liiver,  there  beinii;  several  sneeossive  broods  from  early  in  the  season  to  Novendier. 

The  larva  is  found  on  the  hop,  nettle  and  false  nettle  ( Hoebmeria)  feeding 
sin<;ly.  It  conceals  itself  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf  the  outer  cdj^os  of  wliich  are 
drawn  tou;ether  l)y  silken  threads  sulliciently  to  afford  a  jirotection  I'rom  lis;iit  and 
the  weather.  From  this  cover  tho  larva  emei'j;es  at  ninht  to  ^v{.'i\,  and  be^inninj^ 
at  the  extremity  of  the  leaf  consumes  it  evenly  across  until  not  enough  is  left  for 
slu'lter  when  it  betakes  itself  to  another  and  repeats  the  sumo  proce.sH.  Owinj^  to 
this  ])eeuliarity  this  species  is  easily  discovered,  as  the  bent  and  eaten  leaf  betrays 
its  presence. 

The  ega;  is  nearly  spherical,  rather  smaller  at  top  than  at  bottom,  depressed 
slightly  at  either  end,  ribbed  vertically,  ])ale  green  and  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter.  It  is  usually  laid  upon  the  surface  of  a  young  leaf,  or,  in  case  of  the 
hop  upon  oneof  th((  tendrils,  near  the  extremity.  The  young  larva' appear  in  four 
days,  are  one  tenth  of  an  inch  long,  black  covereil  with  short  hairs,  and  like  all 
young  larvic  of  butterflies,  have  the  faculty  of  spinning  threads  whereby  they  at- 
tach themselves  to  the  leaf  or  break  their  fall  in  case  of  danger.  As  they  become 
older  and  can  better  adhere  to  the  leaf  no  such  aid  is  re(piired,  but  whenever  ne- 
cessary for  safety,  as  in  a  glass  breeding  cage,  they  will  cover  their  path  with  a 
web  and  walk  seenrcly  as  on  a  rotigh  surface. 

When  one-third  grown  these  larvie  are  black,  with  dorsal  and  fir.st  lateral 
rows  of  spines  pale  green  more  or  les,s  tipped  with  black,  the  second  lateral  row  of 
spines  black  tipped  with  white  and  the  lowest,  or  infra-stigmatal  row.  entirely 
white  resting  at  base  on  greenish  ])apilla';  the  head  spines  black;  between  the  first 
two  lateral  rows  are  nai'row,  transverse  whitish  stiia^;  from  base  of  each  dorsal 
spine  fork  greenish  bars  to  anteri(jr  edge  of  the  segment  and  similar  bars  start 
from  the  base  of  each  of  the  first  laterals  ;  the  .spiracles  oval,  black  within  a  white 


nng. 


At  the  next  moult  all  the  spines  become  white  and   at  the  base  of  the  second 


(i  I!  APT  A    11. 


latonils,  on  Stli  to  llth  sojjinont  iucliisivcs  iipiiciirs  ii  fciiiiixinous  point.  Willi  very 
littlo  clmngo  this  type  rcMcheH  nmturity.  ()lii(r  liiiv;r  me  iilnin>t  wliolly  hliick  to 
jniilnrity,  wimti'i  ,  the  (IoivmI  and  liitcnii  urccn  spots  und  sliowinu,' nicifly  trnnsverso 


Htriii'  on  ciicli  scunicnt.     ( )tlH'i's  iirc  Ithu 


,'liil 


(■  voiin";-,  liut   wlicn  oiic-lliiid  urowii 


lu'coMic  fi'n'cnisji  wliitc  with  t'liint  siiinlfs  of  hhick  intcisiicrscd  sis  if  seen  tlioiiiiii  ii 
scini-transpiircnt  skii;.      And  oliicis  unnin  iiif  like  tiic  hisi  hk  iiiioiicd  Imt  hiivc  a 


icddisii  or  vinous  tint  instead  i 


ifhh 


have  not  Ini  n  iihlc  to  di^'ovcr  tliat    tho 


variation  of  the  larva;  has  anv  i-onncctioii  with  the  sex  or  witli  thi'  shades  of  color 


of  tl 


le  on 


tterib 


The  icnuth  of  the  mature  lai'va  is  ].!'.")  inch.  When  alxint  to  tninsforin  it 
selects  a  convenient  place,  on  the  under  side  of  a  project  in, i;'  rock,  or  of  a  fence 
rail,  or  of  a  weather  hoard  of  the  house,  or  the  inidrili  of  a  hop-leal',  and  havinj? 
spun  a  little  hiittoii  of  pale  red  silk  fixes  the  hooks  of  its  anal  li\ns  therein  and 
hanj^s  sus|)ended,  head  downwards,  in  the  sha})e  of  a  iisli-ho(dc,  and  iininoveaiile, 
for  the  space  of  twenty  to  twenty-four  hours,  no  ehauiit'  heinj;'  perceptihle  except 
in  the  col(»r  of  the  skin  which  heeomi's  partly  transj)aront  and  loses  its  dark  color, 
owinu;  to  its  gradual  partinj^  from  the  chrysalis  within.  Suddenly,  and  to  a  looker 
on  without  any  ]»reinonitoi'V  sym])toin,  a  rent  takes  jilacc!  in  the  skin  at  the  hack 
of  the  head  just  wiile  enoii.iih  to  allow  the  jiassan'c  of  the  chrysalis,  the  heail  of 
which  at  once  emeru;es.     J>y  a  ra|)id  contraction  and  expansion  of  the  folds  of  tho 


11  s  of 


al)doiiien  tlu^  larva  draws  the  skni   upwaros  successively  discoverini;;  the  par 
tlu' fullv  formed  chrvsalis,  until  at   last,  and  in  scarcelv  more  than  one  minute  of 


tl 


me,  the  entire  skin  IS  jiattiered  aliout  the  anal  ti'ct.  Jt  now  hends  itselt  violently  to 
disent;aj;e  the  end  of  the  chrysalis,  which  is  loiii;',  pointed  and  hard,  furnished  wilh 
several  little  hooks,  meanwhile  retainiiif;;  its  hold  oi'  the  skin  by  the  folds  of  its  ah- 
domen,  until  after  a  severe  ell'oit  convulsively  reachini;'  out  and  feelinjj;in  all  direc- 
tions for  the  ohject  of  its  search,  it  touches  the  hiitton  of  silk  and  at  once  grasps  it 
with  its  hooks  and  fixes  them  in  it  securi'ly.  Then  by  a  twisting  motion  it  man- 
ages to  disengage  the  loose  skin,  which  fills  to  the  ground,  and  the  cliiTsalis  rests. 
The  whole  process  is  most  interesting  to  witness  and  excites  renewed  wonder  with 
every  re])ctition,  at  the  ingenuity  of  the  means  employed  and  the  delicacy  of  the 
instinct  displayed,  llow  to  strip  off  the  skin  and  much  more  tlu^  legs  hy  which 
the  creature  is  sus[)eiidi'd,  without  losing  its  hold,  and  at  same  time  to  securely 
fasten  the  chrysalis,  is  a  problem  that  would  seem  imjiossilile  to  solve,  and  yet  this 
little  insect  accomplit'hes  it  unerringly,  when  to  fail  would  be  certain  de'strueticm. 
And  not  this  species  only,  but  the  larvtc  of  all  butterllies  which  form  suspended 
clirysalids,  embracing  the  whole  of  the  great  I'amily  of  Xymphalida',  that  is,  a  large 
proportion  of  all  existing  s])eeies  of  bultcrtlies,  undei'go  a  similar  transformation. 
The  chrysalis  is  uow  greeu  iu  color,  soft  uud  iudefeusible,  susceptible  to  tlie 


')  i 


>  'il 


:',     I, 


I       ( 


GRAFT  A  II. 

slightest  injury,  and  for  a  few  nionienti^  the  sovenil  parts  of  the  future  hutterfly 
may  be  seen  and  rt'iidily  scjiarated ;  the  wings  foUled  elo.se  and  env<do[)ing  the 
tliorax,  the  antcnuie  iiiid  jn-oboscas  stretehed  at  length  along  the  back.  Ihit  very 
speedily  a  complete  casing  is  formed  by  the  exuding  fmi  parts  of  the  body  of 
a  viscous  fluid,  which  binds  together  the  tender  jmrts,  and  covers  the  whole  with 
a  coating  like  varnish.  This  soon  hardens,  and  the  chrysalis  is  ready  to  take  its 
chance  against  injui'v. 

The  chrysalis  of  Comma  is  gi-cy  or  brown  (»f  (wo  or  three  shades,  "with  golden 
protuberances  upon  the  abdomen,  and  with  jn-omineiit  eye  and  ])alpi  covers  and  a 
sharp  projection  at  back  of  head.  'J'his  state  continues  about  eleven  days.  A 
few  hours  before  the  buttci'lly  i.^  to  em.  rge  the  metallic  spots  lose  their  lustre  and 
the  skin  changes  to  a  dai'k  color  indicating  its  separation  from  the  imago  within. 
At  length  the  covering  of  the  head  ])arts,  the  insect  struggles  to  disengage  its  head 
and  legs  and  then  feel)ly  crawls  forth,  seeking  instinctively  some  object  on  which 
to  fasten.  The  body,  legs  and  antenna?  are  full  sized  on  emerging  from  the  chry- 
salis, l)ut  th(!  wings  are  undeveloped,  being  no  move  than  one  fourth  inch  long, 
yet  having  their  charactei'istie  shape  and  showing  distinctly,  though  in  miniature, 
every  marking  and  spot  that  will  afterwards  appear. 

So  soon  as  the  insect  has  attained  a  supjiort  it  rests  quietly,  while  the  surface 
of  the  body  dries  and  the  wings  expand  slowly  in  length  and  breadth,  each  little 
spot  in  its  due  ])roportion,  till  in  course  of  half  an  hour  they  have  reached  their 
full  size,  but  still  hang  nerveless  and  limj).  15y  a  gentle  fanning  motion  the  limp- 
ness disajjpears,  the  wing  becomes  thoroughly  dry  and  the  i)erfect  butterfly  is 
ready  for  ilight. 

In  habits  Comma  is  extremely  alert  and  restless,  flying  swiftly  and  for  short 
distan'-e.-  oidy.  It  frequents  the  roads,  especially  in  damp  p-laees,  or  collects  in 
considerable  nund)ers  on  the  sides  of  the  ci'eeks  or  upon  damp  stoues  by  tlie  forest 
brook,  not  in  clusters,  as  is  the  habit  witii  juaiiy  butterllies,  but  scaltei'ed  about 
in  close  neighborhood  with  wings  outspread  to  receive  the  full  henefit  of  the 
sun.  Ill  the  Catskills  it  is  in  company  with  Faiiini.'^,  on  the  Kanawha  Iviver  with 
Fabr'u'il  and  Inlrrvoijalionix,  but  greatly  outnii.nbei'ing  these  last. 

The  heavy  frosts  of  Xovember  drive  them  into  winter  quarters  and  seeking 
out  holes  in  trees,  or  crevices  in  rocks,  they  pass  the  season  in  a  dormant  state 
ready  to  rea|)pear  with  the  hrst  warm  breath  of  s])ring.  IJut  a  very  small  propor- 
tion however  survive  as  they  areexjiosed  in  their  deli  useless  state  to  attack-  from 
many  enemies.  During  the  s])ring  a  few  solitary  individuals,  faded  and  broken, 
arc  on  the  wing,  and  soon  after  the  young  leaves  of  the  hop  begin  to  slutw  them- 
selves the  females  are  iiovering  about  intent  on  depositing  their  eggs. 


H::-!^ 


GRAPTA    II. 


Note. — Comma  was  consitlorcd  by  Dr.  Fitcli  as  identical  witli  the  European 
G album,  lie  siiys,  "This  species  is  common  to  botli  siiles  of  the  Atlantic.  Dr. 
Harris  regarded  our  American  insect  as  diil'erent  from  the  European  and  accord- 
ingly named  it  Comma.  He  supposed  the  wings  in  the  ioriiier  to  be  more  deeply 
indented  and  that  specimens  from  the  two  continents  could  he  at  once  di^tingui^^hed 
by  this  mark.  Jiut  how  fallacious  this  character  is  will  ajtpear  from  the  remark 
of  JMr.  AVestwood,  Hunii)lireys'  British  l>utterflies,  page  50,  who  observes,  'This 
species  is  subject  to  au  extraordinary  variation  in  the  fcn-ni  of  its  wings.  In  some 
specimens  the  incision  in  the  hind  margin  of  the  fore-wings  is  sodcc[)tliat  it  forms 
nearly  a  semi-circle,  whilst  in  others  it  is  scarcfly  more  than  a  sextiint,  the  other 
indentations  being  equally  varied.'  The  American  specimens  vary  in  same  man- 
ner. On  com])aring  them  on  the  one  hand  witli  the  descriptions  wliieh  European 
authors  give  of  C  ulhum,  and  on  tlie  other  with  the  descriptidu  which  Dr.  Harris 
gives  of  Comma,  every  one  must  admit  that  of  the  two  the  former  is  2)lainly  the 
species  to  which  our  insect  pertains." 

I  have  also  been  assured  by  both  Dr.  Btaudinger  and  ]\lr.  Mi'schler,  since  the 
publication  of  my  plate  of  Faunus.  that,  beyond  all  question,  Fuunus  is  neither 
more  or  less  than  C  album. 

I  thought  it  well  therefore  to  enclose  to  Dr.  tStuudinger  a  male  and  female 
Comma  from  West  Virginia  and  a  male  /Saij/nis  from  the  llocky  ^Mountains,  with- 
out names,  for  his  determination.  He  replies,  oth  ,Iune,  (1871)  "As  to  the  three 
individuals  of  Grapta  Faunus,  which  have  arrived  in  recognisable  condition,  I  do 
not  doubt  for  an  instant  that  they  arc  Grapta  {Papilio)  C'«//v«/h,  L.,  although  a 
very  little  modified  so  that  odc  viiiiJd  vet'iin  the  name  of  I'auuus  as  that  of  a  race 
or  variety.  The  form  of  your  hemisphere  is  distinguished  ])rincipally  by  the  liind 
wings  being  a  little  less  excised  and  by  the  border  of  the  wings  being  blaekcr ;  at 
least  to  judi/c  bij  these  tlirce  individuals,  ('whieh  alone  1  know  apart  from  your  fy- 
ures).  But  this  individual  from  the  Itocfy  Mountains  is  more  unmistakable,  and 
approaches  our  European  antl  f?iberian  form  nearer  than  the  tvo  from  West  Vir- 
ginia. I  rejieat  that  your  fauna  agrees  marvellously  with  the  European."  (The 
italics  are  mine.) 

Now  Faunus  on  the  oiae  hand,  and  Comma  and  Satyrus  on  the  otner,  belong 
to  distinct  sub-groups,  tiie  latter  being  allied  to  Interrogationis,  and  it  becomes  a 
matter  of  interest  to  know  that  one  European  s])ecies  exists  so  similar  to  both  as 
to  deceive  practiced  observers. 

I  have  taken  jiains  to  bring  together  a  number  of  specimens  of  the  European 
O  album,  many  of  which  were  sent  me  by  Mr.  11.  AV.  Uates,  expressly  to  show  the 
widest  variation,  and  I  have  considted  autliors  within  my  reacli  wlio  describe  and 
figure  the  species  and  its  larva\  It  certainly  is  very  variable,  and  bears  a  resem- 
blance in  its  several  jdiases  to  at  least  these  three  American  species,  Comma, 
Faunus,  and  Satyrus,  Edw.,  (the  last  not  yet  ligured,  but  brought  from  California 
and  llocky  Mountains.)  C  album  also  exhibits  several  phases  that  are  not  imitated 
by  any  yet  known  American  S])pcies. 

ISome  individuals  are  dee]>ly  incised  and  indented  after  the  peculiar  manner 
of  Faunus,  and  have  much  resemblance  on  botli  surfaces  to  that  species.     (This 


inii 


GRAPTA   11. 


type  is  figured  in  Espor,  Eur.  Sehmett.  I,  pi.  o9.)  But  Faunus  is  notably  larger, 
is  deeper  fulvous  by  many  degrees,  and  has  a  much  broader  border  to  tlie  hind 
margin  of  jiriniaries.  Tliis  border  is  deep  black,  not  ferruginous,  even  edged 
within  and  never  crenated  as  is  often  the  case  with  C  allnim.  Tlie  sjiots  are  also 
intense  black.  The  outer  half  of  secondaries  is  black  encloshig  simply  a  few  sub- 
marginal  yellowish  points.  In  G alhnm  this  j)art  of  the  wing  is  ferruginous  and 
the  yellowish  pcjints  are  much  enlarged,  often  into  ])atches  that  form  a  connected 
band  across  the  wing,  breaking  up  Avhat  otherwise  would  be  the  anterior  portion 
of  the  ferruginous  border  into  spots;  thus  giving  tlie  wing  a  nuicular  appearance 
never  found  in  J'hiiuKx,  nor  in  Vonniia  but  paralleled  in  /Safi/riis. 

Tiie  under  side  of  tlmse  individuals  of  C alZ/ioi  that  in  any  way  a])proach 
Faunus  is  cast  in  the  same  gen;Tai  pattern  with  that  sj)ecies,  but  the  colors  are 
diiferent  and  the  nuirbling  much  less  decided.  The  basal  shade  is  a  dull  red- 
brown  vnried  by  lighter  brown;  the  marginal  border  is  of  t'.ie  same  dull  color  and 
the  intermediate  or  mesial  s[)aco  is  grey  brown.  Fauiius  has  all  the  colors  intense, 
the  basal  shade  black  brown,  as  is  also  the  marginal  border,  and  the  intermediate 
space  pale  brown  mottled  with  grey  which  becomes  conspicuously  white  on  the 
subapical  ])atch.  The  whole  surface  is  suiliised  with  vinous  and  the  general  effect 
of  this  marbling  aiul  coloration  is  far  more  beau'  ful  than  can  well  be  described  or 
than  can  be  imitated  at  all  successfully.  No  C album  is  at  all  com])arable  to  Fau- 
nuA  in  these  respects.  The  under  side  of  C  album  is  described  by  Mr.  AVestwood, 
in  the  work  l)efore  cited,  as  "greyish  ashen"  and  by  Mr.  Htainton  as  "dusky  brown." 
The  marginal  row  of  metallic  sjjots  in  Faunus  is  sometimes  blue-black,  sometimes 
green,  those  of  C  album  are  green. 

Other  specijiiens  of  C album  are  like  Comma  in  the  form  of  the  wings  and  ex- 
tent of  iiuh'utation,  as  Avell  as  general  appearance  of  both  surfaces.  (For  this 
phase  see  Esper,  I,  pi.  l."}.)  ]jut  without  giving  further  details  as  to  the  differ- 
ences between  these  two,  Comma  [)resents  one  character  that  is  decisive.  Instead 
of  marginal  green  spots,  in  Comma  these  are  blue  and  anterior  to  them  is  a  com- 
mon row  of  bliick  ])oints  as  in  Julcrrof/afionis.  Other  s[)ecimens  of  C album,  as 
has  been  said,  rvsom\)\e  iSt/i/rus  in  the  macular  upper  surface,  ))ut  this  species  par- 
takes of  tlie  same  peculiarities  beneath,  II    ntioned  as  distinguishing  Comma. 

liesidi's  these  resemblances  many  males  of  C  album  liavethe  whole  under  sur- 
face suffused  with  sluules  of  yellow,  from  pale  to  ochraceous,  a  feature  as  yet  found 
in  no  American  species. 

The  females  C album  differ  still  more  decidedly  from  the  females  of  the  three 
species,  yellow  being  ol'ti>n  a  prevailing  tint  of  the  under  sni'i'ace. 

Eet'ore  describing  Faunu--:,  in  1<S(>2,  I  enclosed  :5|)ecune:is  to  Mr.  Sbiinton  and 
requeste<l  him  to  compare  them  with  C'ctbum.  The  following  was  his  rejdy. 
"Lewisliam  near  London,  lOtli  Feb.  18(')2.  I  have  carefully  examined  the  butler- 
flies  enclosed  in  your  letter  and  linve  compared  them  with  American  Rpeciniens  in 
the  collection  of  the  Jiritish  Museum.  !No.  2  (/uiunus)  is  a  distinct,  unnamed  spe- 
cies, which  in  the  List  of  Lepidoj)tera  in  B.  M.,l'i\vt  1,  181 1,  follows  V.Froyne  as 
Vanessa — ?  from  Martins  Falls,  Albany  Hiver,  Hudson's  Bay." 

Unfortunatelv  the  larva  of  Faunus  is  still  unknown.     But  those  of  Comma 


G  RAPT  A    II, 


and  Sal>/i'us  arc  known  nml  settle  the  question  of  identity  between  eitlier  of  these 
species  and  0 album.  The  kirva  of  Com?/«(  is  illustrated  in  our  plate.  That  of 
Safi/rus  is  described  by  :Mr.  II.  II.  Stretch,  as  "dead  black  willi  a  greenish  Avhito 
dorsal  band  from  third  to  last  segment,"  and  he  has  furnished  me  with  an  ad- 
mirable drawing  -which  justifies  his  description. 


On  the  other  hand  the  larva  of  Calhtim  is  described  by  Air.  AVestwood  as  bc- 
;  "of  a  brownish  red  cohjr,  the  back  being  reddish  in  front  with  tlie  hinder  part 
ite,"  and  die  accompanying  plate  represents  the  first  six  segments  as  red,  tlie  re- 


in a; 

■white 

mainder  white,  and  is  altogether  cpiite  unlike  any  known  American  species.' 

Neither  Faiinus  nor  Comma  are  subject  to  any  wide  variation,  as  I  can  assert 
from  a  long  flimiiiarity  with  both  species,'nor  do  the  specinn'us  of  S-ih/rus  that  I 
have  seen,  numbering  perhaps  twenty,  vary  to  any  greater  degree.  On  the  otiicr 
hand,  V  aWumwxvic^  no  an  to  resemble  not  only'tliese  tliree'^distinct  species,  but 
has  an  over_dus  of  vaiiation  suflicient  to  include  resemblances  to  as  many  more. 
Unquestionably  these_ several  species  and  all  others  of  the  genus  have  spruu"-  from 
one  ancient  form  Avhich  may  not  unlikely  have  been  near  one  of  the  many  phases 
of  the  present  C album.  Uut  one  variety  after  another  became  permanent,  each 
throwing  off  new  varieties  of  its  own,  in  time  also  to  become  ]iermanent,  till  now 
we  have  many  groups  all  alli(Hl  but  all  distinctly  separated.  A\'e  have  in  Xorth 
America  at  least  nine  well  mai'ked  species  of"^Grapta  divisible  into  four  groups, 
namely,  that  oi'  Fro;/ne,  oi' Si/nius,  of  Comma  and  oi  Faun  us. 

There  is  a  d'Terence  of  opinion  about  the  value  of  tliis  genus,  many  European 
lepidopterists  considering  it  not  properly  separable  from  Vanessa.  Ijut  if  '-the  co- 
descendants  of  the  same  form  must  be  kept  together  in  one  group  scjjarate  from  the 
co-descendants  of  any  other  form,"  (Darwin's  Descent,  1  ]i.  IS].)  then  no  genus  is 
better  founded  than  Grapta.  The  several  species  diifer  decidedly  fi'om  the  true 
Vanessaus  not  only  in  the  shape  of  the  wings,  but  so  far  as  is  known  in  the  pre- 
paratory stages.  The  larva)  are  solitary,  not  gregarious,  as  are  the  true  Vanessaus. 
This  difference  of  itself  is  generic  and  there  could  be  no  surer  token  of  distinct 
ancestry. 


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r.R-AS,    I  '.'..'^.3  4  9        5.  l.AH'/A       6.  CHRYSAF.l  S  . 


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GRAPTA  ill. 


i    ,  t 


GKArTA  DllYAS.     1— C. 

Grnpta  Dri/ns,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Eiit.  Soc.  1870. 

]\[ale.     Expands  2.4  iiiclios. 

Primaries  inuderiitoly  iiK'isod ;  liiiid  margins  slightly  dcntatod;  a  hrniid  tail 
of  modium  longtli  on  middle  of  seeondarios. 

Upper  side  yellow  fidvims  marked  with  hlaek  and  ferrnginous  as  in  Comma  and 
Intn-rofjat'K)»h;  secondaries  almost  wholly  Idaek  as  in  the  latter  species,  the  black 
shade  gradually  passing  into  fulvous  near  base;  three  fulvous  sub-marginal  points 
or  spots  at  outer  angle;  a  black  patch  on  costa  and  spot  in  cell,  in  some  casc^  only 
distinguished  by  a  deeper  shade  than  the  gnniiid  color;  fringes  white  in  the  emar- 
ginations,  fuscous  at  tips  of  ni'rvules. 

Under  side  marbled  in  shades  of  grey,  brown,  ferruginous,  olivaceous  and 
honey  yellow;  more  or  less  suffused  with  lilaccous  and  throughout  densely  covered 
with  fine,  abbreviated  streaks  of  ferruginous;  the  basal  si^ace  limited  witlumt.  by 
an  irregular  deep  brown  or  ferruginous  common  discal  band;  in  ('ell  three  distinct 
brown  spots;  the  extra  basal  space  lilaccous  on  both  wings  but  on  secondaries 
mixed  with  yellow  and  olivaceous;  beyond,  to  margins,  j.rimiirics  partly  yellow, 
partly  clear  yellow,  the  latter  colin- at  apex  and  bmer  angle;  secondaries  have  a 
large,  nebulous,  ferruginous  or  olivaceous  patcii  near  outer  angle  and  a  nebulous 
cui^ved  stripe  of  simiiar  color  froui  median  nervure  to  anal  angle,  the  foi'mer  en- 
closing on  costal  edge  a  yellow  spot;  both  wings  crossed  by  a  conspicuous  sub- 
marginal  row  of  black  points  or  small  spots;  on  primaries  a  sul)-apical  ferruginous 
patcli  enclosing  a  lilaccous  spot  on  costa;  the  incision  edged  by  a  brown  line  which 
is  preceded  by  metallic  grey,  or  blue-grey  binules  c.lgcd  with  black;  similar  lu- 
nules  ou  secondaries;  costal  edge  of  primaries  lilaccous  and  bufl',  crossed  to  the  ner- 
vure by  ferruginous  streaks  an<l  spots;  silver  spot  an  open  (',  large,  narrow,  thick- 
ened at  extremities,  sometimes  interrupted  on  the  lower  side. 

Body  above  fulvous  covered  with  greenish  hairs;  below  pale  vinous  brown; 
legs  buff;  palpi  buff  below,  ferruginous  above  and  at  tip;  clul>  black,  tipped  with 
ferruginous. 

Female.     Expands  2.0  inches. 

Hind  margin  of  primaries  a  little  less  iiu-is(Ml;  the  dentations  as  m  male. 
Upper  side  similar  to  male;  under  side  honey  yellow  densely  covered  with  ferru- 


a        i 


GRATIA   III, 


;i  I 


!'    I 


ginons  Ptroaks;  the  pattoni  of  niarklii<j;s  as  iu  male  but  faint  and  nearly  lost  in  the 
f;r(»iin(l  color;  pome  individualH  li.nlit,  tlio  yi'Ilow  pri'doiniiiatin^-;  in  others  the 
i('rrii<;inoii.s  utrcak.s  };ive  eoNtr  to  tlie  whoU;  .surface;  Hub-uiarninal  black  spots  less 
cons2)i(niouH,  and  sonictiincs  on  disc,  of  primaries  wanting;  marginal  lunnlcs  as  in 
nialo  but  less  distinct;  silver  spot  as  in  male,  but  sometimes  a  mere  line  not 
thickened  at  extremities. 

]\rATri{Fj  Lakva.  Tien<i;th  1.2o  inch.  Color  ])ale  fjreen  marked  with 
greenish  white  at  the  base  of  each  S])ine  with  lines  of  same  color  ac -oss  each  seg- 
ment; head  dull  ])ink  covered  with  short  spines  and  havinj^  at  n])per  angl(M)u  each 
side  a  large  branching  spine  ]nnk  at  base,  black  at  tip;  a  black  jtatch  on  cither  side 
of  face;  mandil)les  black ;  body  furnished  with  seven  rows  of  many  branching  yellow 
spines, each  branch  tijiped  with  black;  under  side  green;  legs  reddish  brown, jiro- 
legs  green;  si)iracles  black;  on  the  <Slh  to  11th  segments  inclusive  an  orange  spot 
immediately  anterior  to  each  spiracle. 

Chrysalis  delicate  white,  not  much  clouded,  the  wing  cases  and  whole  front 
having  a  sheen  of  bronze;  the  abdominal  tid)ercles  bronze.  Or  the  general  color 
is  pale  brown,  clouded  with  darker  shades,  not  metallic  except  on  the  tubercles; 
the  palpi  cases  are  long  and  sharji,  and  the  prominence  on  back  of  head  is  pointed. 
In  size  and  general  form  the  chrysalis  resembles  that  of     'iinna. 

I  have  occasionally  taken  thissjiecies  at  Coalburgh,  W.  Va.  and  in  the  Catskill 
Mountains  and  was  foi-meriy  inclined  to  regaril  it  as  a  variety  of  either  Votmna  or 
Iiilen-o(jatlonis.  ])uring  the  season  of  1S70  I  was  fortunate  in  obtaining  two 
of  its  larvoe  and  from  them  the  butterflies.  They  were  feeding  on  the  hop, 
in  July,  and  in'  habit  resembled  the  ]arv;e  of  Cuninia,  remaining  concealed  on 
the  under  side  of  a  folded  li<d',  and  eating  from  the  outi'r  extrcmitv  so  Ions 
as  enough  remained  to  afford  protection.  These  larvie  were  neai-ly  mature  and 
shortly  after  changed  to  chrysalids.  In  this  state  they  continued  tea  days  and 
yielded  one  male  and  one  female  butterfly,  the  white  chrysalis  [)ro(lucing  the  female. 

This  species  is  between  Comnm  and  Inlcrrogationls.  The  shape  is  that  of  the 
latter  as  is  also  the  shade  of  color  of  upper  side.  On  the  under  side  of  the  male 
the  markings  are  rather  nearer  Comma  but  with  a  difference  iu  coloration.  The 
under  side  of  the  female  differs  materially  from  that  of  either  species. 

Note. — While  the  foregoing  description  was  passing  through  the  jiress,  be- 
tween the  10th  and  18th  May  (1871),  I  took  eight  larvie  of  Di'i/as  from  the  hop, 
from  half  grown  to  mature.  The  younger  ones  were  dull  white,  with  an  interrupt- 
ed supra-stigmatal  blackish  line;  as  they  a])proached  maturity  this  ilisappcared  and 
the  color  changed  to  green.     Between  20tli  May  and  2nd  June  emerged  G  cj,  1  ?. 


0im^ 


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GRAPTA  IV, 


GEAPTV  INTERROGATIOXIS. 

Grapta  Tnterrogationia,  Fabricius. 
Var.    Umbrosa,  Lintner,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1869,  p.  313;  l«70,  p.  197. 

Inlerrogaticmis,  Fabr.   9  ,  Suppl.  p.  424.     Godart,  Euc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  302.    Ilarri.s.  Ins.  .^^a.s.s.  Ed, 

ISfrJ,  p.  29:^,  (text,  not  plate.) 
Caurmm,  Cramer,  l ,  pi.  19.      Fab.  %  ,  Sp.  In.-!,  p.  94  ;  Ent.  Syst.  p.  78.      Abbot  &   Smith,  %  , 
Ins.  Oa.  p\  11.     Iliibiier,  Fsot.  Schmett.  II,  S  9  •     Bois.  &  hoc.    ■&  .  pi.  51. 
Var.  Fulin'cii,  Edward.s,  Trans.  Ain.  Ent.  Sue.  1870,  p.  5. 

Infei-roijationiii,  Harris,   9  ,  Ins.  Alass.  Ed.  1852,  plate.       Lintner.   Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  18G9,  p. 
315,1870,  p.  197. 

IXTERROGATIOXIS,  vak.  l^xMBROSA. 

Form  alike  in  both  sexos,  primaries  slightly  falcated,  little  ox»^ised;  tail  prom- 
inent, broad  at  base,  tapering;  anal  angle  slightly  or  not  at  all  produced. 

Male.     Ex[)and.s  2.G  inches. 

Upper  side  fulvous,  marked  and  s])otted  with  black;  primaries  have  a  broad, 
black  marginal  border,  somewhat  suffu.-<ed  willi  ferruginous  at  the  n[)per  part  of  tiie 
incision  on  hind  margin  and  next  inner  angle;  upon  the  disk  hve  rounded  spots 
disposed  in  a  right  angle,  the  two  smallest  being  in  cell  and  the  others  in  the  in- 
terspices;  between  the  lower  two  of  these  last,  transverse  to  them,  two  small  spots 
or  Mitches  of  scales;  another  in  lower  discoidal  inters])ace,  and  a  large sub(pia<lrate 
spot  from  the  costa  covering  the  arc;  next  the  marginal  bonier  on  costa  a  large 
patch  suffused  with  ferruginou-i  and  a  smaller  one  on  inne.  margin.  Secondaries 
have  the  outGr  two-thirds  overlaid  with  black,  most  den.se  behind  the  cell,  Imt 
towards  outer  angle  and  on  disk  showing  the  fulvous  sub-color,  into  which  the 
black  shade  gnulually  fades  an<l  disaj)])ears  towards  liase;  on  costal  margin  a  deep 
black  duplex  s])ot,  and  a  small  .><pot  on  arc;  tail  ashy-grey,  marginal  border  lightly 
touched  with  same  hue,  and  sometimes  the  tips  of  the  nervules  on  primaries; 
fringes  white  in  the  emarginations,  fuscous  at  the  nervules. 

Under  side  variegated  with  feiTuginous,  brown,  olivaceous  and  more  or  less 
snfhiscd  with  purple;  the  basal  thiril  limited  by  an  irregulai'  fenuginous,  |iartlv 
olivaceous  band,  witliin  which  the  p.rouiid  is  yellow-hiown  streaked  with  terrugi- 
nous;  outside  the  band,  ])rimaries  have  a  narrow  belt  of  yellow-brown,  beyond 
which  the  colors  are  brown  and  olivaceous;  a  lilac  patch  near  inner  angle,  and  a 
large  sub-apical  one  on  costa  enclosing  a  patch  of  whitish;  secondaries  olivaceous 


GRAPTA    IV. 


k 


on  costal  mardn  and  along  the  wliole  liind  margin,  except  just  over  the  tail,  where 
tlie  tint  is  lilaooous;  the  rest  of  the  limb  t;uftii.s<;(l  with  ])nrple;  commencing  at  the 
upper  sub-costal  nervule  a  deep  ferruginous  patch  extends  to  median  and  is  con- 
timu'd  ill  ii  broad,  cnrvod,  postci'iorly  attenuated  stripe  to  anal  angle;  crossing 
both  wings  is  a  row  of  l)lack  ])oints,  on  secondaries  lying  within  the  ferruginous 
Htripe,  eacli  liaving  ii  faint  olivaceous  halo;  along  the  incision  of  primaries  a  series 
of  metallic  blue  or  green  stre;;ks  or  nai'row  Innules;  on  secondaries  these  are  large 
and  distinctly  luindar;  discal  mark  on  secondaries  an  interrupted  C,  usually 
silvered,  but  at  times  aureous;  costal  edge  of  ])rimaries  crossed  to  sub-costal 
nervure  bv  ferruginous  streaks  and  ])atc]ies,  between  which  the  ground  color  is 
buff. 

Body  above  fulvous,  covered  iin  tliorax  with  green  hairs;  beneath  grey-ferru- 
ginous; legs  buff;  palpi  buff,  on  upper  side  fulvous;  antennsE  fuscous  above, 
annulated  below  with  buff;  club  fulvous  tipped  with  buflf. 

Fkmajj;. — Expaiuls  '■)  inches. 

I'pper  side  similar  to  male;  fringes  similar. 

Under  side  bi'own  suffuseil  with  bliu'-grey;  the  bind  margin  of  primaries 
olive-brown;  on  secondaries  the  sub-marginal  stripe  and  patch  Init  faintly  indi- 
cated; the  metallic  s])ots  less  distinct  than  in  ujale  and  more  or  less  wanting;  the 
common  row  of  black  ])oints  conspicuous. 

Egg  .02  in  diameter;  smootli,  spherical,  flattened  at  top  and  slightly  at  base; 
from  the  centre  of  the  base  proceed  ten  narrow  ribs,  at  first  scarcely  raised  above 
the  surface,  increasing  gradually  in  ]n'ominence  as  they  ascend,  and  terminating 
abruptly  and  p(>rpendieularly  at  the  rim  of  the  flattened  top,  marked  on  either 
side  by  transverse  parallel  grooves;  (see  plate).     Color  pale  green. 

Tbe  larviB  emerge  from  the  egg  in  from  three  to  four  days.  At  first,  they  are 
one-tenth  ineb  in  length,  translucent,  greenish,  covered  with  hairs;  tbe  head  large, 
bilobed,  black.  In  a  few  liours  they  change  to  blav';k.  Afh'r  first  moult,  (length 
.3  inch  I  wliicli  takt's  place  in  about  two  days,  they  arc  black,  mo'-e  or  less  specked 
with  wliite,  and  begin  to  be  cIhIIkmI  witli  short  spines,  all  black  f-icept  those  on 
eighth  and  tentli  segments,  whicli  are  whitish.  After  another  interval  of  two  days 
the  second  moult  takes  jilace  (length  .4  ineb),  and  the  larvte  begin  to  assume  the 
type  that  they  retain  to  maturity,  'i'he  spines  arc  in  seven  rows,  one  dorsal,  two 
lateral  on  each  side  and  one  iulra-sligmatal,  fleshy  at  base,  sl(>nder  and  many- 
branching  at  extremity;  the  doival  and  first  lateral  on  third  segment  are  black, 
on  second,  fnuith  and  eleventh,  russet,  the  rest  yellow;  the  second  laterals  black 
throughout,  the  lowest  row  greenish;  head  bilol)ed,  black,  with  short  black  spines 
at  vertices. 


Ml 
ilifi 


GRAPTA  IV. 


After  tliird  moult  (Iciio-tl,  .(]  inch),  ^n-hich  takes  place  two  ,lavs  later  the 
opines  are  greatly  en la.-v.!  an.l  lengthened,  in  fn.ni  two  to  three  ,'lavs  further 
(length  A)  inch),  the  fourth  and  hust  moult  oeeurs.  From  the  third  moult  the 
larvae  vary  greatly,  both  in  color  of  body  and  of  .spines.  Some  are  black,  linely 
specked '.vith  yellowish;  others  are  yellow-hrown,  specked  with  v(ll..w  tubercles- 
others  grey-brown  with  indistinct  re.hlish  lines  between  the  s[.in(.s  mi  the  dorsal  and' 
two  lateral  rows  and  mm'h  tubcrculated;  others  are  black  with  fidv.uis  stripes  and 
profusely  covered  with  yellowish  tidjcrculated  spots  and  points,  'i'l.c  colors  of  the 
spines  vary  from  black  to  fulvous  ami  green  and  yellow.  From  Inur  to  live  davs 
after  the  last  moult,  the  length  having  increased  to  J. (I  inch,  the  larva  stojis  tivd- 
ing  and  within  twenty-four  hours  changes  to  chrysalis.  Duration  of  the  larval 
state  about  fifteen  days. 

The  chrysalids  vary  slightly  in  color,  being  in  sliades  of  brown  clouded  witli 
olivaceous  or  lilac;  sometimes  u  dark  green  stripe  from  the  tail  along  the  spii^idcs 
as  far  as  the  wing  cases;  in  all,  the  surface  is  somewhat  bronzed  an.f  deciiledly  on 
back  of  head  and  on  the  abdominal  tubercles,  excepting  the  four  middle  ones 
which  are  silvered;  pali)i  cas.'s  (.rominent,  and  mesonotal  i)rocess  i)rominent, 
arched  and  thin.     Duration  of  chrysalis  state  eleven  days. 


I  \ 


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t    p  t'>   ijln<    .^ 


INTtJHPOGAllONIS    "AK    KABKU;!  1  1,2  6.3  4  ?. 

5  Lnrya 

li  Cluwntis  . 


fen: 


1 

1 

1 

■1 

1- 

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III 


■..  f 


GRAFT  A  V. 


INTERKOGATTOXIH,  Vak.  FAP.rjC'11. 

Form  alike  in  both  sexes;  i.riMiarics  strun-ly  fal.Mtv.l,  much  oxcisod-  tail 
ioiiger,  narrower,  less  tapering  than  in  Umhrom',  anal  angle  much  i.ro.luced.' 

Male.— Expands  2.5  to  2.7  inches. 

Upper  side  bright  red-f\dvous,  the  terminal  third  of  primaries  and  whnle  of 
secondaries  obseured  by  f.-rruginous;  spds  as  in  U,nhmm^  hind  mariims  .,f  b,.th 
wnigs  and  abdominal  margin  at  the  fold  largely  ed-ed  with   lilac;' frin<.es  bn- 

Under  side  clon.le.l  in  shades  of  brown  and  f<Tniginous,  sometimes  partially 
suffused  by  purple;  the  general  i-attern  as  in  Umb,-n.a^  without  the  strikin-  .Hver- 
sity  of  color;  the  common  row  of  Idack  points  more  or  less  obsolete;  costafed-e  of 
prnnaries  ferrugin.ais  Ijcaded  by  small  round  yellow  spots,  between  which  an.rihe 
sub-costal  nervr.re  the  ground  is  yellow  specked  with  ferruginous;  silver  mark  as 
in  Liithrom. 

Fkmalk. — Expands  ',\  inches. 

Upper  side  similar  to   male;    under  side   brown  suffused  with  ochrnceons 
deeply  along  land  margin;  sometimes  partially  suffused  with  j.urplish  instead  of 
ochraceous;  the  whole  surface  covered  with  fine  abl)reviated  feiTu-inous  streaks- 
the  conunon  row  of  black  points  obsolete,  ox  represented  bv  two  .n-  three  at  outer 
angle  and  apex  only,  iind  always  minute. 

These  varieties  difU-r  in  slia])e  of  wings,  in  comparative  breadth  and  leiK-th 
Of  the  tad,  ni  the  prominence  of  anal  angle;  in  both  sexes  in  the  color  of  npner 
surface,  m  that  of  the  marginal  edges,  ami  of  the  fiinoes;  in  the  color  of  under 
surface  and  ni  the  relative  position  and  extent  of  the  vel'low  and  ferru-duous  mai'k- 
mgs  of  the  costal  margin  of  primaries.  These  differences  are  conq.icuous  and 
constant,  there  benig,  so  far  as  I  know,  no  intergrades. 

Until  the  publication  of  Mr.  Lintner's  paper  of  1800,  these  two  forms  had 
been  treated  by  late  authors  as  one  species,  one  or  the  other,  or  the  sexes  of  either 
benig  descrdxHl  as  Caunum  or  InUrnHjallonU  indilf.Tcntlv.  .Jud-iie.'  bv  the 
imagos  alone  each  was  entitled  to  rank  as  a  species,  as  thcv  ]»r'esente.l  constant  dif- 
fcrenc.^  ni  essential  characters  and  Mr.  Lintner  very  ,u-operlv  separate.!  then, 
But  bchevmg  that  the  .larkcr  species  did  not  fall  within  the  Fabrician  descriptions" 
he  applied  to  it  the  name  liiibrosa.  ' 


GRAFT  A    V. 

It  a|>|ioar('(l  to  mo  tluit  Faljcicius  had  dcsiTilit'd  llic  t'ciiialc  (if  tliis  fn/fjrom 
as  Iiif< rn)(/ufion!fi,  and  that  tin;  oidy  douhtt'iil  jpoiiit  was  whcthtr  \\v  had  (k'scrihcd 
the  corrt'siMdidinj;'  male,  or  citlior  sex  of  tlio  otlicr  species,  as  C luiriuin.  Miit  iii- 
asiniich  as  the  name  C  (iiircinn  was  pre-oeeiipied,  that  sid)se(jii(:!itly  <;iveii  to  I  he 
t'einale  must  I'xteiid  to  its  mah',  and  liie  otiier  spirits  wiiether  really  deserihed  liy 
Fahrieius  or  not,  shouUl  be  regarded  as  unnamed.  1  therefore  proposed  for  it  the 
name  Fnln'lcll. 

As  is  well  known,  the  larva;  that  pnidiice  these  two  forms  are  reiiiarkahly 
variable,  JA»r  sev(!ral  years  I  had  endeavored  to  ascertain  wliieli  type  of  larva 
produeiMl  either  species  of  imai^o  or  the  sexes  of  either,  but  with  no  satisfactory 
result,  inasmuch  as  when  I  thounht  the  matter  determined  by  one  series  (;f  ob- 
servations, the  next  perha|)s  woidd  unsettle  everything. 

On  the  Ith  dune,  (jf  this  present  year,  (bS71)  I  noticed  two  females  ['iii/)ro.m 
flying  about  the  hop-vines  near  my  house,  at  Coalburgh,  and  had  no  diiliculty  in 
('a[)turing  them.  I  enclosed  them  in  a  keg  over  a  ])ranch  of  the  vine,  eovei'ing 
witli  a  cloth.  On  the  (ith,  a  hirge  munber  of  eggs  had  been  laid,  a  few  of  which 
were  on  the  upper  h'aves  of  the  vine,  but  the  greater  [)art  on  the  cloth.  On  the 
IHli,  they  were  hatching  and  1  romoveil  the  larva;  to  the  house  and  enclosed  in  a 
))reeding-cage.  From  these  1  obtained  18  chrysalids,  which  proiluced,  on  od  July 
andsubscfpient  days,  11  Umhrom,  5S,  G '?,  and  0  Fahricil,  1  $,  5?. 

On  the  2'.)th  July,  and  successive  days  till  oth  August,  I  took  eleven  fe- 
males of  same  typo,  no  others  being  seen,  and  enclosed  in  same  way  as  before. 
From  these  1  obtained  hnndi'cds  of  eggs,  and  separated  the  larva*  therefrom  into 
three  lots,  one  comprising  those  hatched  from  eggs  laid  on  tlu'  cloths,  one  from  u 
large  cluster  laiil  on  a  single  leaf,  and  all  others  in  the  thii'd.  Wy  3d  Se])teniber 
many  imagos  had  appeared.  From  the  eggs  on  cloth  resulted  4!),  of  which  2U 
were  Umhrom,  14  ,?,  loi,  and  20  FabricU,  11 1?,  I)?.  From  the  leaf  8  Uinbrosa, 
T)  '',  3  ?,  and  G  Fubricil,  4(?,  2  l,  and  from  the  remainder  2G  Fiiiirum,  14  i,  12  •+, 
and  8  Fthiicii,  G  S,  2'i. 

In  each  lot  of  larvie  all  the  different  tyi)es  of  coloration  known  to  me  were  re- 
presented, and  there  certainly  is  no  connection  between  either  of  them  and  the 
varieties  or  sexes  of  the  imagos. 

These  forms  therefore  ai'c  but  one  species,  and  so  far  it  would  appear  that 
the  darker  of  chc  two  was  the  type  and  the  other  a  variety.  But  although 
I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  females  of  Fabrlcu,  and  to  determine  this  point 
absolutely,  yvt  from  the  fact  that  the  two  forms  are  invariably  found  together, 
even  where,  as  in  many  districts,  Fihricii  greatly  ont  nundiers  Umhrom,  and  from 
the  analogous  case  of  Ajax,  I  believe  that  the  eggs  of  Fohricii  will  also  pi'odnce 
both  types  of  imago.     If  this  be  so  neither  can  be  considered  as  a  variety  of  the 


HI 


ORAl'TA    V. 


other.  Tlioy  are  dimorphii^  tiinns  of  Jn/d-rni/tifloin'K,  iiiid  to  <listin,u;iiisli  them 
from  tu'diiiiiiy  vjirii'tics,  I  li:ivc  ^ivcii  tliciu  botli  s|M'cilir  ii.iiiics,  iiidiciiliiiL^'  tlicir 
rtilationsliip. 

■  (Since  di.scovi'riiiff  tlic  diinorpldsiii  of  /ii/imif/n/ioiiiK,  I  iiu'liiic  to  i\\'u\kfiriij)- 
tan  OtiiUiKl  mid  Diijftx  will  jirovo  to  lie  l>iit  one  s|K'cirs  ;dso.  'I'lic  Ciisc  woldd 
not  liowcvor  I k' strictly  pandlcl  with  luUi'i'txidiUniix,  luit  iiiijilit  jirovc  to  he  a  iiiodi- 
lication  oi"  .seasonal  dinior|iliisni.  J  ohtaiiied  in  May,  of  this  year,  seven  specini'iis 
of />ry^M,  and  all  that  I  hav(i  het'ore  seen  liav(!  heen  hntd  or  taken  in  the  early 
part  of  the  Hcason.  at  the  same  time  with  ('nnniKi,  \\\\\\v  from  j;reat  nnmhers  of  the 
Uirvie  obtained  in  the  Autumn  1  have  had  nothing  hut  ('itninin.  'I'he  eai'lv  Itrood 
only  therefore  may  |irovti  to  l)e  dimorphic). 

//ilcrr(i(/(i/l<)iii.f  is  al)undant  over  the  whole  eastern  part  of  the  I'nited  ."^latcs 
and  in  Canad:).  How  far  west  it  is  found  I  am  luiahle  to  sav,  certainlv  how- 
ever,  as  far  as  Iowa,  and  from  Mi.ssouri  to  Texas,  lint  it  has  not  been  fmnid  in 
Colorado  hy  Mr.  Mead,  who  has  collecti'tl  extensively  in  that  Slate.  In  ^^'est 
Virginia,  1  liave  found  tin;  variety  I'lnhrdm  the  most  common,  hut  in  the  (  atskill 
Mountains  the  ])ro]iortions  were  reversed.  ^Ir.  J^intnei-  states  that  the  I'csidts  of 
his  collecting  in  ]\Iiddle  New  York  show  the  greater  ahnndance  also  of  the 
variety  Juihricii.  On  flie  other  haml,  Dr.  Harris  says,  that  in  Massiichir^etls,  the 
male  "  is  often  hiack-winged,"  meaning  i'liilirwd.  The  .southern  sjiei-imens  are 
larger  than  thos(>  from  the  north,  dilfering  one-half  inch  in  ex|)anse  of  wing. 

'J'he  larva'  feed  upon  the  ho]),  elm,  n<'ttle,  false-nettle,  (H(ehmeria)  and,  at 
Coalhurgh,  may  usually  he  found  in  diiferent  stages  of  growth  from  ahout  2()th 
May  till  Septendjer.  I  have  frc(juently  seen  .several  females  at  once  Hying  in  ami 
out  mv  hop-vines,  alighting  on  tlu^  ends  of  the  shoots  or  on  the  tender  leaves  to  de- 
posit their  eggs.  The  hutterilies  are  then  always  battered  and  worn,  evidently  a 
long  period  having  elapsed  since  they  emerged  from  chrysalis.  TIk;  eggs  an; 
usually  laid  singly,  but  sonu'times  threes  oi'  four  may  be  seen  on  the;  same  leaf. 
Two  or  more  may  also  occasionally  be  tbund  standing  one  on  end  of  the  other  per- 
pendicular to  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  aii<l  1  have  seen  four,  five  and  as  many  as 
eight  in  one  .stalk  (see  jilate)  The  larvic  are  easily  raised  in  conlinement  and 
will  submit  to  a  change  of  food,  as  from  ho])  to  lio'hineria,  without  the  slightest 
hesitancy.  Like  its  congeners  this  species  hyberuates  and  a])[)ears  in  the  early 
8j)ring. 

When  it  is  considi'red  Ik  w  many  eggs  are  laid,  and  that  so  .short  a  time  In- 
tervenes between  the  egg  and  the  imago,  it  is  surprising  how  few  hutterilies  of  this 
spe?ie.s  are  the  result.  From  eggs  that  A\'re  laid  on  my  vines  in  July  and  Augu.st, 
auK-unting,  J  am  sure,  to  many  hnnilicds,  Vv'i'v  i'vw  larva' were  hatched,  and  gradu- 
ally these  became  more  and  more  scarce,  so  that  at  la.st  1  could  with  difliculty  di.s- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


^  ^"41. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


UiKe    |2.s 

1^  IS 
^  US  llio 


1.4 


m 


V] 


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'S 


el 


^  > 


V 


/^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  S<»k'!T 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


I 


GRAFT  A    V. 

cover  a  single  one.  The  eggs  are  destroyed  hy  spiders  and  various  insects  by  whole- 
sale. 1  have  had  thecontcnts  of  one  of  my  kegs  swept  away  Inanlghl,  leaving  not  u 
trace  of  shell  behind,  and  in  same  way  I  have  lost  scores  of  small  larva*.  The 
only  safe  mode  of  securing  them  is  to  transfer  the  larvie  as  soon  as  hatched  to  the 
liouse.  Finally,  after  the  larvte  have  escaped  all  apparent  danger  and  have 
changed  to  chrysalids,  the  imago  therein  is  often  destroyed  by  ichneuinon-llies. 
So  that  it  is  doubtful  if  much  more  than  two  ]»er  cent,  of  the  eggs  laid  produce  but- 
terflies. The  perils  of  the  winter  di'stroy  nearly  all  the  hist  brood,  and  in  the 
Spring  but  few  of  the  butterflies  are  to  be  seen.  They  become  more  j»lenty  as 
the  successive  bvood.s  appear,  but,  one  season  with  another,  the  number  seeuhs  to 
be  about  the  same. 

XoTK. — The  first  mention  of  a  Papilio  O anrrnm  is  in  Linuieus,  Syst.  Nat.  17'i'>, 
I,  p.  477,  its  follows.  "(J  aureuin,  1'.  N.  alls  angulatis  fulvis  nigro  maculatis;  pos- 
ticis  s'lbtus  C  aureo  notatis.     llai)itat  in  Asia." 

This  six'cies  is  now  recogni/ed  as  eipiivalent  to  Aii'/r/ira,  Cramer,  pi.  IWS,  an 
Asiatic  species  found  in  India  anil  Japan,  materially  dillering  from  any  American 
Grapta. 

In  1775,  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  page  oOO,  describes  Caiirciim  nearly  in  same 
words,  viz:  "!'.  alls  dentato-caudatis,  fulvis,  nigro-inaculatis;  2)osticis  subtus  C 
aureo  notatis.     Habitat  in  Asia,"  and  refers  to  Linniuus. 

In  17'Sl,  Fabricius,  Sp.  Ins.  11,  p.  'M.  again  describes  (J inirctim  in  same  words, 
with  same  reference  to  Linnseus  and  habitat,  but  refers  also  to  Cramer,  II,  pi.  lU, 
fig.  E.  F.  Cramer's  ligures  pi)r])ort  to  represent  an  American  species,  wbicli  may 
j./operly  be  considen'd  as  the  one  hail  in  view  liy  Fabricius.  although  there  was 
error  in  his  rel'ereiu'e  to  Linna'us  and  in  his  habitat,  cau.sed  naturally  l)y  the  vague 
description  of  Linna'us. 

I  am  satisfiei'  that  Cramer's  figures  are  intended  to  represent  T^iiiftrom  f, 
though  the  execution  is  wretched.  Mr  Scudder  cDiijectured  that  iliey  might  have 
been  taken  from  a  third  species  jntssibly  to  be  found  in  the  Snnthern  Stiiies  and 
West  hulies,  and  he  ])roposed  for  this  the  name  Cramvrii.  IJut  1  think  the  dilli- 
culty  is  altogether  with  the  artist. 

In  17'.*7,  Abbot  (Insects  of  Georgia)  figured,  without  description,  as  C  aureiim 
the  male  rnilnofn. 

In  17'.*'S,  Fabricius  (Supp't  p.  424),  for  the  first  time  mentions  and  describes  P. 
ln(rrro(i((l'ionin,  viz;  "alis  caudatis  fulvis  nigro  maculatis,  subtus  (/kiucus:  ulrii/a 
puiicfot'Uiii  nifp'oruiih,  j)osticis  C  uui'eo  uotutis. 

Habitat  in  America  boreali. 

Nimis  alliiiis  1'.  6  auno  at  pmiUo  major  et  alro  .vibhts  (//auccc  siriga  piindorum 
ni^/roru/ii.'' 

Wings  tailed,  fulvous  sjiotted  with  black,  brnciilh  (jldticDiix  (i.  e.  a  bine  or  green 
inclining  to  grey  or  white)  with  a  Iranxiursc  buml  (x/riifi)  tif  b/ac/:  /tainfs.  '"  *  *  * 
Extremely  like  J*.  Canirutn  but  a  little  lart/cr  and  i\\ti  w'uiijs bcncaik  ijlaiicous '>mth 
a  transverse  band  of  black  po'ml«. 


GRAFT  A   V. 


This  (losi-riptioii  apj)lies  woll  to  tlio  foinalo  dnhrosa,  which  iiI(tiio  of  the  soxes 
of  eitlu'f  form  ciiii  1m'  caUnl  {^I'MIcouh,  tliis  word  cxprcsfiiii;!;  thi;  hiuc-gri'V  color 
with  whidi  the  wiiij^s  arc  siiiliiM-d.  It  is  not  often  used  by  Fahriciiis.  In  iii.s 
Ent.  Syst.  I  have  Keen  aide  to  discover  it  hut  few  times.  ()\w  of  these;  is  used  iu 
(lescriiiinj;  the  American  species,  JlK/ijitaiii.f  Achcrontu,  tlio  under  side  of  which  is 
a  sha(h(  fiffrrcv  that  nearly  apjiroaciies  the  femah;  ('nilintxa.  This  latter  is  also 
distinf^uished  l»y  a  row  of  distinct  hlack  jMjints  cros^in;;  Ijoth  winiis. 

I  conclu<le  therefore  that  the  female  I'liihroKa  is  the  trui'  />i/irroi/afio/ilK,V:ih. 
This  was  the  opinion  of  ( Jmlart.  In  l-aic.  Mcth.  IX,  p.  IJOli.  he  says;  "  i'aliriciu.s 
has  taken  tlut  male  for  (' nuniiiu  of  Linntcus  and  has  made  of  the  lemale  a  sejja- 
rate  species  under  the  name  (»f  /ii/iri'ot^tiiioniJt." 

JJoisduval  and  Leconte  ^ive  a  figure  copied  from  one  of  Abhot's  drawings,  com- 
posed -ipparent  ly  of  the  upper  surfaet^  of  Fabricii  and  the  under  surface  of  I  'iiifirum. 
The  shajie  is  rather  that  of  the  latter.  These  authors  state  that  although  there 
would  seem  ti»  1k'  mure  than  one  sp«ries,  yet  as  the  caterpillars  are  the  same,  tho 
butterllies  must  l)e  the  siime  also.  A  «-orrect  conclusion  from  incorrect  premises, 
for  it  is  not  ini|ilied  that  caterpillars  had  Ikh-u  proved  to  Im'  the  same  hv  breeding 
from  the  egg,  and  resemblance  in  the  larvie  by  no  means  ind'jates  identity  iu 
the  imago. 

The  figures  of  Iliibner  are  admirable,  and  represent  both  sexes  of  CnJirom, 
under  tho  name  C  dim  iiiii.  I  do  not  lind  Fabricii  anywhere  figureil  except  in 
the  wood-cut  of  the  feumh>  in  ll.irris. 

The  liistory  of  fnlt  rnKidtion'm,  and  that  of  .|yV/.r,  illustrates  the  defects  of  tli(^ 
])resent  system  of  determining  genera  andspecits,  tijunded  asit  is  on  one  stage  oidv  of 
the  insect's  existence,  and  omitting  the  other  three,  the  egg,  larva  and  chrvsalis, 
from  consideration.  (\'rtainly  all  those  stages  an;  importaiU,  if  not  e(|uallv  so,  to 
atrue  conception  of  either  genus  or  species.  Even  so  minute  objects  a-;  the  eggs  of 
butterllies,  somi'times  scarcely  to  be  (listinguished  by  thonakeil  eye,  and  always  ri'- 
quiring  examination  under  the  microscope,  are  f  mud  to  differ  gcneiically  in  shape 
and  ornanientation  a-*  decidedly  ;is  do  the  bult<'rflies  produced  from  them.  .Nutii- 
ing  can  be  more  distinct  than  the  snuMith,  spherical  eggof  Papil'o.  thegraiiniated, 
lenticular  egg  of  Tarnassius,  the  fusiform  of  I'ieris,  the  ribbed  ovoid  of  N'anessa., 
the  sculptiued  conoid  of  .Vrgynnis,  tin;  dome-topped  cylinder  of  Danais,  or  the 
semi-sphere  (d"  I'ampliila.  And  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  examine  the  eggs  of 
our  butterflies,  those  of  the  same  geinis,  besidi'.s  luaring  a  g<'neric  resendil.nice, 
have  each  their  specific  ditferences.  T'lius  Ajnx  is  distinguishable  froi'>  TnnuDi, 
or  Troilu-f,  or  Pltihnnr;  Plulfxlice  from  Euri/tlteini',  or  Akxaadni.  So  with 
JJiaiKi,  L'liht'lr,  A/ihroill/r,  and  the  Sutijri  and  JLxpcmhr. 

Tlie  larvio  ami  chysalid^  also  fall  naturally  into  gr<»ups,  or  in  other  words  dif- 
fer generically,  though  genera  foumled  upon  these  groupings  would  disarrange  very 


I 


materially  many  of  the  highly  artificial  divisions  at  |»resi'nt  recognised.  And  tlu 
differ  individually  s((  that  one  need  never  !•«•  mistaken  for  another,  even  in  sia 
cases  of  similarity  as  in  the  larvic  of  L.  7> /.<//>/>»/.<  and  Jj.  I'rtmld. 

IJut,  inasmuch  as  the  imago  is  the  only  one  of  tlui  four  stages  that   is  usually 
known,  th<^  determining  characters  are  sought  in  it  alone,  in  the  distributiou  of  the 


nervures,  in  peculiarities  of  legs,  palj)i  and  unteimie,  I'orm  of 


wuiy;s  ana  markuiira 


rki 


-i 

■■|. 
'1 

: 

1 
i 

1 

GRAPTA    V. 

or  coloration.  Nearly  all  these  are  generic,  that  is,  they  helong  to  all  the  mem- 
bers of  a  group,  and  the  last  two  only,  markings  and  coloration,  are  relied  on  for 
separoting  species.  These  are  always  variable,  and  to  distinguisli  between  essential 
and  non-essential  variations  is  often  very  much  a  matter  of  individual  judgment 
where  one  may  be  right  or  wrong  and  whore  opinions  will  differ.  Mimy  species 
are  distinct  beyond  all  doubt,  but  very  often  one  form  runs  into  another,  or  seems 
to  branch  from  another,  or  several  seem  to  be  intermediate  between  two  that  are 
themselves  distinct.  To  determine  therefore  which  of  these  is  a  good  species,  and 
which  is  a  variety,  is  difficult  and  almost  always  unsati^^filctory.  So  in  this  un- 
certainty some  naturalists  name  as  distinct  every  form  that  presents  differences 
that  are  tangible  enough  to  be  described  intelligibly,  while  others  rest  ui)on  the 
broad  and  comfortable  ground  that  closely  allied,  or  even  tolerably  distinct,  forms 
in  which  there  can  be  shown  intergrades,  are  to  be  classed  a.s  a  species  and  its 
varieties.  Notwithstanding,  it  is  certain  that,  among  the  butterflies,  the  prepara- 
tory stages  of  such  allied  forms  are  often  found  to  be  abundantly  distinct,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  Graptas  C album,  Salynis  and  Comma,  all  of  which,  judging  by  the 
imago  alone,  might  be  considered  as  one  sj)ecies,  and  indeed  have  been  by  exj)ert 
lepidopterists.  Yet,  the  larvae  of  all  of  them  being  known,  they  are  shown  to  be 
not  merely  distinct  species  but  .sc])arated  ])y  a  much  wider  interval  than  are  many 
others.  On  the  other  hand,  and  exactly  the  reverse  of  this,  imagos  undeniably 
distinct  may  prove  to  be  but  one  and  the  same  species,  an  in  the  ease  of  the  two 
varieties  o^  Interrogation lif  and  the  three  o^  Ajax. 

No  doubt  very  many  of  the  present  names  of  species  of  butterflies  are  to  be  re- 
giirded  as  provisional,  always  subject  to  rectification.  But  before  the  first  stej)  can  bo 
taken  towards  con-ect  knowledge,  differing  forms  of  imago  nnist  be  distinguished 
by  name  so  as  to  be  recognised  and  their  study  fiuHiated,  instead  of  being  thrown 
together  indiscriminately,  and  lost  sight  of  as  varidies  of  thisor  that  sj)eeies,  when 
in  most  cases  absolutely  nothing  is  known  about  them,  and  any  oi)i:iie!i  is,  at  best, 
but  guess-work.  But  when  such  forms  are  found  by  breeding  from  tiie  egg  to  be 
only  varieties,  they  will  take  their  proper  ])laces  in  the  Catalogues  and  yet  lose  no- 
thing of  interest,  and  will  help  to  form  the  material  by  which  the  naturalists  of  the 
happy  future  will  read  clearly  the  riddles  that  as  yet  jjcrplex  us. 


I 


1/ 


*-• 


J'n*r>  .-y  Maiv  l«,o-t 


^.  'V'im;!   s    1  J  .',.  .1  ',■.   I    I  .\i;\A 
/i-.i'in  i.-r.s  .-,  I,  ,',,  7.  V;  r.  i..\i;\a    :»  i  iiiiN  s.\i  i.- 


I.   I'..»'.MI    I'll.   I'l.ll" 


'J 


i 


li 


- 

;:  i 

> 

i 

m 

.1 . 

/ 

i    i-  i 

i 

1 

• 

u 

i. 

e 


GRAPTA   VI. 


GRAFPA  SATYRrS. 

(irap/'t  Sii/i/riifi.  ''Siit'-y-nis  i  Kdwanls,  Trans.  Am.  Miit.  Sue.  1S70. 


M 


\i.i; 


-K 


.VIKIIKiS  _'   UK 


Iks. 


pi'ot 


br 


Primaries  inoilcrati'ly  iiifisi'd  uikI  dctitatt'd;  tail   long,  tapering;  anal   angle 
luceil. 
Upper  side  nnitonn  ycllow-f'nlvons,  dnsky  at  base,  and  spotted  with  blackish 


)\vn;  marginal 


bt.rd 


ers  nai'row,  often  obsolete  next  niari^in,  so 


tbat  but  a  lint*  or 


stri|)o  of  brown  remains  within;  a  large  snbapical  spot  on  eostal  margin  of  prima- 
ries, and  a  seeond  covering  tlx;  arc,  sub-rectangnlar,  dilated  on  eosta;  other  spots 
as  in  OtiiiiiKi  and  allied  species;  niarginal  border  of  sec(tiKlari»'H  precede(l  by  a 
series  of  irregular  pale  brown  or  ferruginous  patches,  usually  more  or  less  obsolete, 
but  s(»n)etiuu's  crossiug  the  entire  wing;  a  large  blackish  spot  on  middle  of  costal 
margin,  another  in  cell,  tlu;  two  often  conlluent,  and  a  small  spot  at  origin  of  the 
upper  median  nervules;  fringes  dark  brown,  white  in  the  emarginations. 


Tnder  side  marbU'd  in  shades  of  brown.  mor(>  or  less  sulVused  with  vel 


low 


tlie  l)asal  area,  occupying  nearly  half  the  wings,  limited  by  a  line  that  is  angular 
on  ])riinaries,  wavy  in  secondarit's,  as  in  (hnnmi,  on  the  inner  side  of  which  the 
shade  of  brown  is  darkest;  in  cell  of  primaries  three;  elongated  l»rown  spots  edged 
by  darker  lines,  the  extra  basal  spa(;e  more  or  less  tinted  with  yellow,  nmch  covered 
Avith  fine,  abbreviated,  U^rruginons  streaks;  ajiex  of  primaries  yellow-brown,  some- 
times tinted  with  olivaceous,  enclosing  three  ferruginous  points  aiKl  limited  below 
by  a  ferriiginons  line  running  back  from  the  angle  of  margin;  sid)-i:pical  |>alch 
greyish-white;  incision  bordered  by  a  broad  band  which  anteriorly  is  black  and  en- 
closes luteous  Innnles;  secondaries  have  a  similar  but  abbreviated  border  next 
above  the  tail,  and  posteriorly  traces  of  such  a  border,  obsolete;  a  sub-marginal 
ferruginous  or  olivaceous  arc  from  anal  angle  to  tail,  and  similar  colored  subapical 
patch;  both  wings  crossed  by  an  extra  discal  row  of  idack  dots,  not  complete  except 
at  the  extremities;  silver  murk  shapeil  like  an  inverted  C,  large,  open,  often  very 
slender,  barbetl  at  hnver  extremity. 

Body  fulvous  above,  beneath  either  yellow-grey  or  vinous;  legs  pale  bn fi,  pr<j- 
legs  vinous,  with  blackish  stripe  on  front;  j)alpi  bud' below,  fulvous  at  tip;  antenniju 
dark  brown  above,  buff  below;  club  black,  buii'at  tip. 


i|! 


ii  is 


G RAPT  A   VI 


I'lMAi.r. — Siimo  si/.o. 

Siinihir  ill  t'ui'iii  iiinl  on  u|i|k:i'  side  similar  in  colur  iiinl  iii:ii'lviii;;~;  liciiciitli 
nearly  iiiiiroriii  wimkI,  m-  olivaceous  Itrown,  or  vinous,  willi  niiiikinus  as  in  male,  Imt 
imlistiiiet  and  more  or  less  ohsoU-tc;  silver  mark  wry  slemler  ami  open,  sll^fjitly 
barljed. 


full 


I'oiind  ill  tlif  liocky  MoiintMiiis,  in  Colorado,  and    in   ( 'alirnniia  and  Oreiron. 
I  am  iiidilitcfl  to  II.  U.  Streleli,  J'^stj.,  lor  the  drawing  ol'  the  iar\a,  and  tlio 
owiiijr  (Ifseriptioii. 
Matiki;  Lai!V.v.     Head  Mack,  aiij:;ular,  Itilohed,  spiny  and  willi  a  spiny  tulK-r- 


•(dor  of  Ifodv  Mack   willi  a  liroad,  "■recni-ii-wliitt 


cle  at  each  of  tlic  upper  angles;  c 
dorsal  stripe,  wliicli  on  llie  anterior  segments  is  cloiidecl  willi  Idack;  on  eaeli  sej;- 
ment.  on  tins  r-lripe,  is  a  line  V-sliape(l  Mack  mark  having'  its  aii^le  at  tli(^  dor>al 
spine;  the  spines  lorm  seven  rows;  the  dorsal  j;reeiiisli-\vliite,  wantiiij;  on  the  lirst 
lour  segments;  iIk^  lirst  lateral  row  ofsame  color,  present  on  all  se^iueiits  iVomtlit! 
second;  the  second  lateral  row  hlack,  the  third  greenish-white,  wanting  on  tlio 
lirst  I'oiir  and  teriiiiiial  scgmeiits,  and  sjiriiiging  I'rom   an   iiifra-stigmatal   lino  of 


samecolor;  all  the  spines  are  thinly  coveriM 


1  witl 


1  short,  hristliiii'.cuuctdoieil  hairs 


excejit  that  those  near  the  tips  of  th(!  white  spines  are  hiackish. 

Found  on  nettles,  (I'rtica)  at  Congress  S[)rings,  Santa  (Jlarii  Co.,  California. 


]\rr.  lleiirv  IMwards  also  writes,  San   I-'iancix-o,  L'lith  March   1.S72. 


Th 


hirva  No.  I  r)ii  your  plate  is  .same  as  one  1  raised  last  year,  which  produced  tho 
male  I  now  send  you  {\tfi/ni.H).  I  liad  two  (>tliers  exactly  like  il,  Imt  they  died 
hcfore  coming  to  maturity.  Their  food  was  the  stinging  nettle  and  1  could  not  get 
any  of  this  jihnl  in  the  city  to  keep  them  alive.  I  mention  this  to  show  that  tho 
coloring  of  the  larva  is  constant,  as  if  the  same  in  four  individuals,  it  is  pretty  g<iod 
proof  that  the  likenes.s  extends  throughout  the  species." 

Sti/i/riia  forms  one  of  the  remarkalile  gi-ou]),  I  ho  several  members  of  which  re- 
semble Olio  or  other  of  the  phases  of  (J  aUm,iii,  and  to  which  I  have  referred  in  the 
notoH  to  Comma.  It  as  yet  1ms  nowhere  been  found  common,  ^fr.  Mead  saw  not 
more  than  half  a  dozen  s|)ecimens  in  Colorado,  where  Z(/>/ii/r!is  was  abundant.  I 
have  also  received  it  from  tlio  Island  of  tSan  .hian,  taken  in  company  with  G. 
Sllcnus, 


GRAPTA  VI. 


GUAITA  ZKlMlVUrS. 

Grapta  Zi-phi/rut  (Zcph'-y-nw),  K<lwariN,  Triiii!*.  Am    lint.  Sue.  1S70. 

Mali;. — Kxj)anils  1.8  lo  2  inches. 

Primiiri(S  (k'e|>Iy  incised,  inodKriitcly  ileiitated ;  spcondiiries  have  posteriorly 
throe  proiuiiu'iit  fleutalioiis,  usually  ei[ual,  soinetiiiies  the  secniid  pnxliicctl ;  tail  l<»nj^, 
united  at  huso  with  third  dentation;  outer  angle  strongly  produced,  and  margin 
deeply  incised. 

npper  side  flory-red  fulvous,  fading  into  yellow  fulvous  on  disk;  primaries 
have  a  narrow  fuscous  honler  often  sulluscd  witii  ferruginous,  preceded  throughout 
by  a  series (;f  elongated  yellow  lunules;  the  horder  of  secoudarics  still  narrower,  often 
interrupted,  sometimes  ferruginous,  and  supporting  large  yellow  lunules,  which  ar(3 
rather  indistinct  in  outline,  and  always  continent;  primaries  havea  largo  suhapical 
ferruginous  patch,  a  smaller  one  near  inner  angle;  a  large  hlack  spot,  depressed, 
covering  the  arc,  fre(|uently  nnu-h  dilated  on  cr»sta;  live  small  hlack  spots  arranged 
as  in  the  allied  speci<'s;  secnndarics  have  the  outer  liml)  more  or  less  irrorated 
with  ferruginous,  forming  a  sort  •»f  band  anterior  to  the  yellow  luiuiles;  a  large 
black  patch  on  midille  of  costa  and  a  small  sub-triangular  spot  on  are,  sometimes 
connected  with  the  [»atch;  fringes  fuscous  at  tl|is  "f  norvules  and  somewhat  on  the 
interspaces,  mixed  irregularly  with  yellow  and  white. 

Under  siilo  grey-brown,  but  varying  much  in  individuals,  in  some  the  grey 
shade  predominating,  giving  a  hoary  appearance  to  the  whole  surface,  others  (piite 
dark,  but  all  densi'ly  c(»vercd  with  line,  al'l)revialed  lines  darker  than  tlu;  ground; 
the  basal  space  is  usually  brown,  limite(|  on  the  disk  by  a  moderately  irregular 
outline,  very  closely  as  in  Graci/iK  and  Prot/nc,  well  delined  except  against  cell 
of  ])rimaries;  in  the  cell  three  (elongated  brown  spots  edged  with  black,  two  being 
in  line  next  sub-costal  and  the  third  against  the  space  that  is  between  the  two 
others  and  next  median;  both  wings  have  an  extra-discal  com]ilete  row  of 
black  jtoints,  edged  by  luteous  scales,  often  conspicuously,  except  those  on  costal 
in';rgin  of  j)rimarie.'.  which  an-  edged  anteriorly  by  small  pure  white  lunations; 
three  dark  brown  serrated  spots  at  apex;  the  incision  bordered  by  a  cinereous, 
sometimes  plnmbagincnis,  wavy  line,  edged  anteriorly  by  velvety  black;  on  sec- 
ondaries a  similar  line,  but  interrupted  beyoml  the  tail  and  fre(]uently  there 
obsolete;  costal  margin  of  primaries  marked  with  irri'gular  [)atches  of  dark  ))rown 
and  grey  white;  edge  of  inner  margin  of  same  wings  and  of  costal  of  secondaric's 
beaded  with  brown  and  white;  discal  silver  spot  narrow,  bent  at  an  angle  of  about 
fitly  degrees,  not  barbed,  but  acuminate  at  either  extremity,  the  limbs  either  of  even 
length  or  the  lower  one  shorter. 

Body  fulvous,  beneath  grey-brown;  legs  grey;  palpi  grey,  blackish  in  front 


'nr 


I, 


I 


«l 


[| 


GRAPTA  VI. 

nnd  nt  tip;  nntcmiip  brown  anmiliitcd  with  whitish  honciith;  ohib  black,  yollow 
nt  tip. 

Fkma i.i;. — Same  hI/.p. 

rppcr  Hi(hi  h'sH  iiilciHc,  iiiar<;iiu  more  y<'ll(>w;  beneath  lighter  tolureil  tliau 
moHt  males,  but  similarly  marked. 

A[ATiKr.  L.VKVA. — lienj^th  l.aiiieh. 

Hody  I'liriiished  with  six  rows  nt"  many  branehinj;  spines;  head  black,  with 
short  black  spines  at  vertices;  sej^mcnls  frnm  secdiid  tDcighth.  i»oth  inclusive,  liright 
buff  inclining  to  orange;  remaining  segments  pure  white.  Along  the  sides  are  two 
waved  orange  lines  uniting  irregularly;  the  interspaces,  which  are  buff  or  white, 
according  as  they  are  anterior  or  posterior,  are  marked  with  black  dots;  above  tho 
orange  lines  are  some  i'aint  black  lines,  and  some  bljck  patches  an-  discernible  at 
the  ba«e  ol"  lateral  spines;  spiracles  black,  broadly  bordered  with  white;  under  uide 
dull  flesh  color;  feet  and  pro-legs  black  with  pinkish  tinge. 

CiniYsAMS. — Length  1  inch. 

Color  brown,  the  general  shape  as  in  Comiiio,  but  the  niesonotul  process  more 
prominent  and  rounded;  the  pal[)i  cases  more  produced  and  c'ompresscd  at  base;  the 
upper  tubercles  silvered. 

To  ^Ir.  Henry  Edwards  1  am  indebted  ibr  the  foregoing  description  of  tho 
larva  and  chrysalis,  and  to  Mr.  iStretch  for  tho  drawings  reproduced  on  the 
plate.  ^^r.  Edwards  intbrms  me  that  this  larva  was  taken  by  Jiim  in  July, 
1S71,  in  the  Yo  Semite  Vallev,  and  wa.s  feeding  on  Azalia  occidentalis,  a  most 
unexpected  food-plant  for  larvic  of  (irapta.  It  was  raised  to  maturity,  the  change 
to  chrysalis  occuring  2!>th  of  .Inly,  and  the  butterlly  emerged  loth  of  August. 
The  einularity  of  this  larva  to  that  of  (J alhtnii  is  remarkable,  inasmuch  as  the 
butterflies  behmg  to  diflerent  groups  of  the  genu:*,  while  the  larviC  of  Vomnxt  and 
tSnti/nis,  which  species  in  the  imago  resemble  phases  of  C album,  wm  wliolly  unlike 
the  larva  of  the  latter. 

In  the  description  o( Zcphi/rim,  I  have  Ri)oken  of  the  three  elongated  spots  in 
cell  of  primaries  on  luider  surface.  These  are  found,  similar  in  shajie  and  scarcely 
varying  in  position,  in  all  the  smaller  ( Jraptas.  In  Prnijne  there  are  very  rarely  in- 
stances of  same  })eculiarity,  but  almost  invariably  the  two  uj»per82H)t.s  are  united  and 
produced  so  as  to  form  a  long,  narrow  band  running  from  subcostal  obliquely  to 
median  at  base, and  the  third  spot  is  produced  in  the  same  manner  and  rnus  paral- 
lel to  the  other.  Out  of  nundjcrs  of  (Jraptas  of  other  species,  I  have  found  no 
instance  of  these  parallel  bands  except  in  Prorjnr.  In  the  figure  of  C  Ar()enteum, 
(synonymous  with  Pvoync)  in  Kirby's  Fauna  Bor.  Amer.  these  stripes  are  well  in- 
dicated. 


G  RAPT  A   VI. 


Tn  Tinipta  rnfrrrni/niionln  tluTc;  arc  iiIho  r.iuiiil  tlircc  (iHiiliir  h\h\*h,  Imt  tlif- 
forciil  ill  sliii|)('  siikI  |iosiii(iii  IVuin  lliusc  Itcluif  iiu'iitiniictl;  iiii<>  lM'iii;r  siih-rlioni- 
l)(>iiltil,  i|i'|i<'iiiliii^  rroiii  siiltcostal  ami  niiiiiiiiir  (il>lii|iii'lv  hack  lu  a  pniiit  on  a 
cciitnil  line  tVniii  l)as(';  just  Im-Iow  tliis  spot  ami  a  litllr  aiittrior,  aii<l  sc|iaral(M|, 
Htartiti^  iriini  tlic  (■ciitral  line,  is  aiiotlKi-  s|i<it  of  nearly  Hain(>  slia|M>  that  (>\t*iiil.s  to 
nu'(liaii,  tlic  two  t'oniiiii^  a  Itrokcii  line;  near  liasc,  niiiiiiii^  with  llic  central  line  is 
the  third  spot,  small,  Inii;^  Mval.  In  ./  nlhian,  which  should  he  classed  with  llio 
(Jraptas,  very  iiiiich  such  an  arraniienieiit  ol'tlie  three  spots  oeenrs  as  in  Inlrrriufit- 
llonix,  lait  the  two  outer  spots  are  coiineeted  at  their  aiiiilcs  on  the  eeiilial  line,  and 
the  flmaller  one  is  much  eiilarifcil.  In  t!ie  true  Vanessaiis  there  are  also  three  cel- 
luhir  spots,  hut  n»oi  .•  widely  dilliriiiij;  still  from  those  of  the  Hiiiall  (jlraplas.  In 
Atif!(i/)<i  the  lower  sp(»t  is  turned  ohli(pieIy  to  the  upper,  the  position  o("  tliis  last  and 
th(!  hasal  spot  heiiijf  much  as  in  Inftrrix/nliu/iis.  '  M'iIIk  rl'tl  the  two  outer  sp(»ts 
are  large  and  eonllueiit  forininj?  a  hroad  zigzag  In  1  across  cell;  the  third  spot 
does  not  run  with  the  central  line  hut  crosses  itoolieuelv  from  itsoriy-in  on  median 
near  l)ase.  Tn  fh/!jhrn!rii  tin;  arran<;ement  is  i  luch  ',<'  in  Jfil/i'  r/il.  Siicli  features 
illustrate  aflinities,  and  also  show  how  a  j^( mis  hecnme^'  broken  into  groups  with 
a  t»'\f)  I    y  to  further  divi>ion. 

/(■j)/ii/ni.'<  was  taken  ahundantly  by  Mr,  Mend,  diiriuj^  the  mouth  of  Au.^int, 
1871,  in  ('olorado,  and  was  found  throughout  the  Statt;  wherever  colUdtiourt  were 
made,  frotpiently  in  company  with  a  small  species  allied  to  FmnniK,  to  which  I 
have  given  the  name  of  Ifi/hoi,  and  of  \  aiiessa  Aiiflojid.  Mr.  Mead  Avrites,  ''()n 
the  2Sth,on  South  I'ark  road,  in  th((  iuoiintaiii.s  about  twenty  miles  from  tin;  I'ark, 
I  found  a  large,  smooth  rock,  exposetl  to  the  sun,  on  w  hich  were  several  (Jraptas, 
^cy>/(y;vw  and  a  species  numbered  three  (////A^•().  On  this  rock  and  in  immediate 
vicinity  I  cai)tured  twenty  Zijt/ii/ru.i  and  live  of  the  other.  1  had  previously,  on  the 
l(jth,  found  both  s[tecies  together  in  the  vicinity  of  Jlerthouds  i'ass,  where  lii'teen 
of  the  smaller  one  were  taken  with  a  few  Z< plnjriis,  oti  a  small  jiatch  of  llower.s 
high  nj)  th(!  mountain.  These  were  the  only  occasions  on  which  the  small  (irapta 
(Ifi/Ins)  was  seen."  I  have  also  received  Zrpltyrus  from  Mevuda,  and  from  Fort 
Simpson,  Mackenzies  River. 


<11 


Mr 


if 


:!  I!      -■     '     I 


:(/K:MimwT2^m. 


rswii  Vy  Mat-ylV.U't 


BovmriA  C  hth  Yhu" 


1l; 


rv 


r' 


M 


SI 

i    I 


1    I.) 


I 

i 
i 


'! 


I'. 


il 


LIMENITIS    I. 


LBIENITIS  PROSERPINA.    1—4. 

Limcniti's  Proxrrpiiia,  (I'ros-ui'-pi-na,)  %  ,  Kdwards,  I'roe.  Knt.  Soe.  I'liila.  18C5,  p.  148;  Trans. 
Amcr.  Ent.  Soc.  I,  p  2H(),  18ti7. 

Mali:.     Expaiuls  2.25  inches. 

Upper  side  black,  secondaries  only  having  a  sliglit  bhiish  (occasionally  green- 
ish) tinge ;  liind  margins  of  secondaries  bordered  by  a  double  row  of  blue  (or  green) 
crescents;  the  sid)niarginal  row  is  continued  on  ])riiuaries.  Itut  is  indistinct,  almost 
obsolete;  beyond  the  cresci'iits,  on  secondaries,  is  a  row  of  russet  spots  suruKUinted 
by  blue  (or  green)  scales,  which  are  more  or  less  conspicuous;  in  some  specimens 
the  russet  spots  are  distinct  across  the  whole  wing,  in  some  two  or  three  onlv  are 
seen,  and  in  others  they  are  altogether  wanting;  the  blue  scales  or  sj)ots  make  a 
circular  band  across  secondaries,  and  are  contiinied  across  primaries  with  more  or 
less  distinctness  (often  becoming  whitish)  to  the  costa,  and  coi'respond  with  the 
white  band  of  under  surface;  the  contour  of  this  band  abov«'  is  like  that  of  Arthe- 
mu,  and  it  terminates  on  the  costa  in  a  white  streak ;  there  is  also  a  white  subapi- 
cal  spot  divided  into  two  or  three  by  the  nervules;  emarginations  white. 

Under  side  brown,  varying  in  shade  from  blackish  to  russet,  and  in  this  re- 
spect and  in  markings  remarkably  like  Arf/irnuK,  except  that  the  white  baiul  of  the 
latter  is  here  always  slight  and  sometimes  ])artly  wanting  ;  both  wings  have  a  dou- 
ble row  of  blue  (uv  green)  crescents,  preceded  ])y  a  row  of  n^unded  I'usset  s])Ots, 
large  on  secondaries,  and  on  these,  edged  above  and  below  with  black ;  the  spcjt  at 
mner  angle  of  j)rimaries  is  Avanting;  alK)ve  the  russet  spots  is  a  curved  whitish  baiul 
or  streak,  common  to  both  wings,  sometimes  half  the  Avidtli  oi'  the  band  of  Arf/icmls, 
but  sometimes  indicated  by  a  few  scales  oidy  above  the  russet  spots;  the  subapical 
spot  and  costal  streak  of  u])per  side  repeated  cons])icuously  ;  base  of  wings  marked 
by  russet  spots  edged  with  black;  between  these  are  metallic  blue  (or  green)  natches 
as  in  A)'f/iniii'!<. 

Body  below  white ;  fore  legs  Avhite ;  palpi  wliite,  edged  with  black  ;  antennaj 
and  club  black,  tipped  with  ferruginous. 

Femalk.     Expands  2.0  inches.     Similar  in  markings. 

This  fine  species  I  first  noticed  in  the  Catskills,  in  1803,  when  a  single  male  in 
not  very  good  conditicm  was  taken.  In  1807,  I  found  it  abundant  in  the  Stoney 
Clove  and  from  2nd  to  4th  July,  took  several  fresh  specimens.  In  the  latter  part 
of  July  and  first  ten  days  of  August  1868,  I  saw  many  more,  of  both  sexes,  both 


I 


LIMENITIS  I. 


\"         ! 


in  Stoney  Clove  and  npon  thn  Clove  road,  sonth  of  tlie  ^fountain  House,  but  all 
wore  much  rubbed  and  broken,  Tliey  sbould  be  souglit  for  early  in  July  in  tbat 
region. 

In  tlie  eolU'ction  of  ^Ir  Cbarle.s  Wilt,  of  Pbiladclpbia,  are  two  females,  from 
one  of  wliicb  tlie  figure  in  tbe  plate  is  taken.  Tli('S(>  sju'ciniens  are  ratlier  lar- 
ger tliaii  tbose  found  in  tbe  Catskill.s.  Tbey  are  understood  to  bav((  been  taken 
in  tbe  Mountains  of  IVnuHvlvaiiia,  but  in  wbat  loeulity  is  not  now  known,  as  tbey 
were  supposed  to  be  a  variety  of  Irsu/fi. 

Frosrrpinn  lias  tbe  same  babits,  and,  in  tbe  Catskills,  tbe  .same  season,  as  Ar- 
tJiemh,  witli  wbieb  it  assoeiates,  frofpientiug  tbe  forest  jiatbs,  rarely  seen  in  tbe  open 
country,  and  always  attraetcd  by  any  animal  matter.  It  is  mueb  less  abundant 
tban  AHlieinlii,ii\u\  is  more  sby  and  dillieult  of  ea[)ture,  Hying  into  tbe  trees  at  tbe 
sligbtest  alarm.  It  unites  tbe  cbaraeters  of  I'rfiu/a  and  Arthonin  in  a  singular 
manner.  Excepting  tbe  wbite  band  on  ])rimaries,  tbe  upper  surface  is  tbat  of  Lr- 
mla,  wbile  tbe  lower  is  very  near  Arf/irmls,  varying  in  sliades  of  ground  color  from 
dark  to  ligbt  brown  and  reddisb-brown  as  does  tbe  latter  s])eeies. 

Mr.  Scudder  lias  not  noticed  Proscrjnna  among  tbe  Wbite  Mountains,  but  it 
will  probably  be  found  tbere. 


all 
hilt 

om 
lar- 

ken 
liey 

Ar- 
isen 
lunt 
the 
iilar 
Ur- 
rom 

it  it 


n 


'i 


li 


■  t 


la'«    VvMaiTTr-^'t. 


BowriiA  c  litl:  ThU" 


WEIDEMEYEBII.    125-3  4.9 


T. 


.i 


mmm 


LIMKMTIS   II. 


IJ.MEMTIS  WKIDHMKVKKII.     1- 

Llmnulis   \V,;,lni„,frr;;,  IMw.inls.  I'rur.  Afu.l.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hil.  iMJl. 

^r.vi.i;.      IvNpiinds  lM;  iticlics. 

r,.,,,.,.  side  I.nnvnish-I.ladc  with  a  l.r„a,l,  n.niinoM,  white  han.l  a  litth-  hcvo,,.! 
h,.  Mu<l,ll..  o  wmgs  iK.nt  towards  .-..s.a  on  ,„i,nari..s  a,.d  taj,mn^.  postc-riuriv  on 
cvon.h..u.s,  dmdcd  „.to  h.n.  spots  hy  th.  hhu-k  nmur.-s;  outside  the  hand,  on 
econdanes,  a  row  of  h.  vous  spots  more  or  k.s  ohsoh-te ;  on  hoth  Avin.s  a  suhn.ar- 
ginal  .senes  of  small  white  spots,  n.innte  or  ohsokle  on  s.ron.h.ries ;  anterior  to 
hose,  on  costal  margin  of  primaries,  a  sh<.rt,  transverse  row  of  f„nr  white  spots 
the  second  from  costa  larovst,  the  fourth  minute.  ' 

U.uler  side  paler  with  the  hand  and  costal  spots  as  ahove ;  the  fulvous  spots 
on  secondaries  large;  a  eomnu.n,  sulMuarginal  series  of  lar,e  lunules,  (hlulh- 
wlute  except  towards  apex,  where  the  inner  portion  is  whit.-,)  Vut  transverselv  and 
unequally  hy  a  crenated  hlack  line  that  is  parallel  to  the  margin  ;  on  prima'ric.s  a 
icrrugmous  har  upon  the  arc,  foUowe.l  within  the  cell  successiudv  hy  hlue  atoms 
ahluish-white  har,  ferruginous  patch,  and  the  hlue  atoms  n.-ar  hase*;  costa  ferru- 
ginous; on  secoudaries,  the  entire  ahdon.inal  margin  up  to  n.edian  and  the  costa 
next  base,  hlmsh-white,  the  nervures  being  heavy  and  Idack  ;  rest  of  hasal  space 
between  costal  and  median  hlue-grey,  crossed  irregularlv  bv  hlack  stripes. 

Bo<Iy  above  black,  al>domen   beneath  white,  with'  a  white  strip.,   laterallv  • 
legs  WacK,  white  on  un<ler  side;   palpi  white,  hlack  above;  antenmeaud  .-lub  blaJk! 
Femaliv.     Expands  3  inches ;  similar  in  colors  and  inarkin-s  to  male. 
Larva  unknown. 

Found  in  Colorado;  common  in  vic-inity  of  Pike's  Peak,  according  to  Mr. 
Kidings,  who  collected  in  that  regif)n  in  1864. 


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LLAIENITIS  LOIK^UIXI.     1—4. 

Limenilis  Lorquini,  BoisJuval,  Am..  Hut.  Soc.  rraiico,  1852. 

Male.     Expands  2.4  inches. 

Upper  side  durk  velvety  brown  except  the  apex  and  upper  part  of  hind  mar- 
gin of  primaries,  Avhich  is  fulvous  ;  both  wings  crossed  by  a  yellowish-white  medi- 
an band  sejiarated  into  spots  by  the  nervules  and  bent  forward  nearly  at  right  an- 
gles on  costal  margin  of  primaries ;  midway  between  the  band  a;id  apex  an  abbre- 
viated row  of  four  small  white  spots  depending  from  the  eosta ;  near  anal  angle  two 
small,  rather  indistinct,  fulvous  spots ;  fringes  dark  brown,  white  in  the  emargina- 
tions. 

Under  side  ferruginous  except  base  and  inner  margin  of  primaries,  which  are 
fuscous,  and  base  ot  secondaries  which  is  fuscous  mottled  with  ferruginous ;  the 
spots  as  on  upi)er  side,  but  in  addition,  a  submarginal  common  series  of  bluish- 
white  lunules  aiul  sagittate  spots,  each,  except  the  apical,  edged  above  with  fuse(jus. 
Shoulder  and  abdominal  margin  of  secondaries  broadly  bordered  with  bluish-white, 
and  the  ferruginous  s])Ots  of  basal  space  partly  covered  with  same  color. 

Body  dark  brown  above,  with  a  lateral  white  line  near  extremity  of  abdomen  ; 
thorax  grey  and  fulvous;  legs  fuscous;  palpi  white,  dark  brown  above;  antenme 
and  club  dark  brown,  tip  ferruginous. 

Fkmale.     Exj)ands  2.7  inches.     In  color  and  markings  similar  to  the  male. 

According  to  Dr.  Behr,  "the  caterpillar  feeds  on  willows  and  looks  very  like 
that  of  Bissippm  as  figured  by  Boisduval  and  Leconte,  the  fleshy  spines  of  the 
neck  being  considerably  shorter  and  whole  coloration  of  a  brighter  green."  JSIr. 
Henry  Edwards  says  of  the  imago,  "It  is  always  found  where  A\'illows  grow,  fly- 
ing up  and  down  pathways  in  the  hottest  sunshine.  It  alights  frequently  an<ria 
an  easy  prey  to  the  collector.    I  have  never  found  it  far  from  the  vicinitv  of  water." 


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LIMENITIS   IV. 

LIMEXITIS  JUIKDOWII.     1—3 

i/m.«r//.  ^mW,;  Ilubncr,  Zutra^^e  V,  ,  •    1...     AV„/,w,   Doubh.l.y,  Gon.  Diur.  Lo,,.,  pi.  30. 
Boh.  Ann.  Lnt.  S„c.  l-r.,  lSo2.     Ivlwanls,  I..-,,...  .Vcad.  Xat.  S.!.  IMnla,.  1S.;2.     CW.^-nuVv,  ,]{u,l..r 
Al.vu:.     Lxpaiids  nearly  llirco  iiu-lus. 

Upper  Hide  velvety  oliv  l,r..wM,  deepest  on  outer  liii,l, ;  hind  niMr-ins  l,„nlered 
by  abroad  cronafed  hand,  (  paler  than  disk, )  throe.oh  which  n.ns'adnrk  iin..- 
a  lar-o  golden  yello>v  apical  sj-ot  lilln  the  space  between  the  n.aruinal  bMnd  and  the 
narrow  costal  i)order  of  primaries;  across  the  disk  a  common  whit.'  l.an.l.  <..in- 
mencing  on  costa  of  primaries  with  a  largv  spot  cut  into  three  bv  the  nervures  f„l- 
Wd  by  a  second,  oval,  .separated  from  the  lirst  bv  a  wide  space  an,l  ont  of'line 
in  the  direction  of  nincr  angle;  after  this,  the  band  is  nninterrnpted  except  bv  the 

brown  nervures,  and  dimini.shes  to  a  } it  a  little  within  abdominal  mar-in';  .m 

arc  ot  primaries,  a  narrow  ferruginous  bar  and  another  in  the  cell,  each  e('Ure(l  l)y 
black  wavy  lines;  a  similar  line  midway  between  the  bars;  at  anal  an-l..  a  black 
si)Ot  within  a  ferruginous  luiinle;  fringes  brown,  white  in  the  emarginations. 

Under  side  ])ale  brown,  with  a  lironze  lustre  on  secondaries;  |,rimaries  have 
a  broad,  brown  hind  margin,  crenated  next  inner  angle,  with  a  faint  pale  blue  line 
running  through  it  and  edged  anteriorly  by  a  narrow  j.ale  blue  ))and  ;  sub-apical 
spot  as  above,  paler;  below  this  to  inner  margin  dark  velvet v  brown;  the  white 
band  as  above;  bars  in  cell  large,  pale  fulvous;  marginal  border  of  .secomlaries 
narrow,  crenated,  enclosing  a  blue  line  and  bordered  anteriorly  by  a  broad  blue  band  • 
the  white  band  is  edged  without  and  at  its  extremity  .suffused  with  pale  blue  in- 
clining to  purple;  beyond  to  base  bars  of  blue  alternating  with  vellow-brown  from 
co,stal  to  medwn  nervures;  abdominal  margin  blue,  especially  liext  ba.se;  the  ner- 
vures about  base  much  bordered  by  l)lue. 

Body  above  olive-brown,  beneath  white;  palpi  white  below,  brown  above- 
antenna)  and  club  dark  brown.  ' 

This  beautiful  species  connects  the  genera  of  Limniitis  and  ITvtcroclivoa      It 
IS  found  more  or  less  throughout  Calif(.ri.ia,  espeeiallv  in  the  .southern  counties 
frequenting  wooded  valleys,  and  is  of  similar  ha])its  to  Lorqnlni. 
_        R.'specting  its  habits  Mr.  Henry  P^dwards  writes,  "This  is  a  far  more  local 
insect  than  Lorqubu,  and  is  never  found  in  any  great  numbers.      Its  usual  haunts 
are  in  suady  canons  and  by  the  side  of  creeks.     Its  flight  is  slow  an.l  -raceful  and 
It  occasionally  floats  along  with  outspread  wings  for  a  C()nsideral)Ie  distance.     It 
frequently  alights  near  small  pools  of  water  and  is  greatly  attracted  bv  any  offen- 
sive odor.     I  have  more  than  once  seen  it  in  the  vicinitv  of  slaughter  "houses 
alighting  upon  the  foul  drainage  from  these  places."     Of  the  larva,  I  am  unable 
to  obtain  any  information. 


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AI'ATIKA    ALICIA,  new  s|Krics.     J— 4. 

Malk.     Exi)iui(ls  li..")  iiiclics. 

U|)|i('r  side:  |)riiiiiiri(s  liiwiiy  mI  1)iisc,  jiloiii;-  imici'  iiiiiriiiii,  iijioii  liiiid  iiiiirniri 
abovcMiiiicr  Jiii,tilc,  iind  wi'!;';:;  Uic  cell  ;  ivst  of  wiii^'  l';isn>iis;  in  the  second  iiic- 
diaii  iiil('rs|iiicc  ;i  lar^c  tdacU  ocellus  with  lawny  iris ;  n|ioii  the  oiilcr  I'liil)  two 
transvi'rs(!  rows  of  spots,  tlio  .siil)-iiiar,t;iiial  of  foiif,  wintc,  cxtciidiii^'  from  costa  to 
the  ocellus,  roiiiid('(l  or  oval,  except  the  second  which  is  coi'date  and  ontsidi;  tho 
line;  the  iiie<lian  low,  sinnons,  of  seven,  lainc,  yellowisji-wliite,  the  liflh  ncai'ly 
twice  the  size  of  an  V  other,  the  i'onrth  smallest  and  the  two  last  connected,  all  rounded 
or  oval  ;  a  hiack  iiar  at  extremity  of  cc  I  and  two  idunded  spots  near  hase. 

Secondaries  tawny,  fii:  coiis  upon  co.~ta  and  upon  inaii;in  at  outer  aii^le;  hind 
marjrin  bordered  hy  two  lines,  of  which  iIk;  onli'r  (»iie  is  heavy  and  jiaralh'l  to  mar- 
j;in,the  inner  is  delicate,  siniiuns  iVoin  the  iniddh;  to  outer  an^le;  across  the  disk  a 
rowof;-ix  oval  hlack  spots,  the  lirst,  thiid,  fourth  and  liftli  neai-jy  e(pial  in  si/.e,tho 
second  much  lariicrtliau  either  of  the  others  and  the  sixth  smallest  ;  heyond  these 
an  in<listinet  siinious  hrown  line  and  two  marks  in  the  cell  ;  on  middUi  of  costa  a 
liir"-e  vellow-white  patch  ;   fi'iii;:;cs  alternal(^  whit(!  and  i'uscons. 

I'mler  side  ol'  primaries  }z;rey  white  next  hase  and  pale  yelhtw-lirowii  on 
inner  inariiin  ;  the  apical  half  nuich  clouded  with  fuscous;  upoiv  hiiul  mai,uin  a 
dull  ferrujiinons  line,  anterioi'  to  which  is  a  second,  fuscous,  less  distinct,  partly 
sinuous,  and  servini;' a.s  the  outer  ed;;e  of  the  fuscous  space ;  two  Idack  ocelli,  with 
five  hrown  irides,  one  i  orrcspondiuL'-  to  that  of  upper  siiiwiicc,  the  other  near  apex, 
small  and  eiiclosin-i- a  coidate  wiiite  spot  ;  theolh(;  spots  as  almvc  lint  inoic  dif- 
fused ami  piiicr  white  towanls  costa;  aci'o^s  the  disk  a  sinuous  hlackish  hand  for- 
deriu"'  the  inner  e(l;:v  of  the  row  ol"  spnis  ;   the  hlack  marks  in  cell  as  alio\(  . 

Secondaries  <irey-white  with  a  pearly  or  lilao  tin,<;c;  hind  mar,i;in  pale  brown  ; 
across  the  disk  anterior  t(iand  part  ly  eiidiracin,-,  the  ocelli  a  nairow  cloud  ol'  pah^  fus- 
cous; upon  hind  mar;;in  a  line  like  that  oi:  primarii's,  prece(le(l  hy  a  second  cor- 
respoudiu"'  to  that  of  uppei'  side ;  beyond  the  cliaided  space  a  brown  sinuous  linc^ 
runniuff  from  co.tal  nervure  nearly  across  the  win^,  then  half-way  towards  and 
over  to  abdominal  ma:-,uin,  formiiij;  in  the  last  of  its  c(airse  two  civnations,  the  an- 
terior of  which  encloses  an  oval  black  spot  ed<;e(!  !-y  liL;ht  luown  ;  in  the  cell  a  bar 
and  two  small  spots,  and  a  third  next  al>o\c  the  cell  on  suiicostal  ;  six  ocelli  cor- 
respondiiii^  to  the  hlack  spots  of  upper  surface,  hut  ^mailer,  the  last  one  du[>lex, 
each  surrounded  by  a  brown  iris  and  dark  halo  an  '  enclosing  a  nietallie  green 
pupil. 


i     '! 


APATURA   I. 

Body  above  tawny,  beneath  soiled  white ;  legs  yellowish  ;  palpi  same,  tipped 
with  fuscous ;  antennae  brown,  annulated  with  white,  club  blackish  above,  ferru- 
ginous below,  yellowish  at  tip. 

Female.     Expands  2.3  inches. 

Primaries  less  produced  and  much  broader  than  in  male ;  secondaries  broad 
and  rounded ;  the  color  of  under  suiface  more  purple,  but  otherwise  like  the  male. 

This  species  is  allied  to  Celtis  in  shape  and  general  markings,  but  is  much 
larger  with  the  spots  and  ocelli  relatively  larger,  and  is  of  quite  different  coloring. 
The  only  specimens  I  have  seen  arc  those  figured  on  the  plate.  They  were  sent 
me  from  New  Orleans,  and  Avere  taken  in  the  vicinity. 


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PAPHIA. 


PAPHIA  GLYCERimi.    1—0. 

Paplua  Ghjccrlum,  Doubluduy,  C!on.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  50.     Riley.  Am.  Ent.  Feb.  1870. 

Male.     Expands  1.7  inch. 

Upper  side  copper  red;  liind  margins  edged  by  a  black  bordcT  with  ^vay  or 
purple  reflections  ;  on  the  arc  of  primaries  a  black  band,  a  patch  on  costa  of  second- 
aries and  a  stripe  near  outer  angle.  Under  side  dead-leaf  brown,  with  a  grey 
lustre,  tinted  on  inner  margin  of  primaries  with  reddish,  and  throughout  den'^sely 
covered  with  dark  scales;  the  basal  half  of  both  wings  deep-colored',  limited  with- 
out by  a  wavy  edge;  beyond  this,,-and  reaching  to  the  dark  marginal  border,  a 
broad,  wavy  band  of  paler  color,  bifurcated  on  costal  margin;  a  small  cluster  of 
luteous  scales  in  sub-costal  interspace  of  secondaries  and  on  middle  of  disk. 

Body  above  reddish  brown,  beneath  color  of  wings  ;  legs  buff;  palpi  grey 
brown  ;  antennae  black  above,  reddish  below. 

Female.     Expands  1.9  inch. 

Upper  side  pale  red;  marginal  border  of  primaries  very  broad,  enclosino- a 
yellow-red,  wavy  band,  imperfectly  bifurcated :  on  secondaries  a  similar  band, 
contracted  at  outer  angle,  much  expanded  on  disk  and  partly  enclosed  by  a 
black  striijo  from  outer  angle ;  under  side  vinous  brown,  with  grey  reflec- 
tions. 

_  The  larva  when  young  is  light  bluish  green  thickly  covered  with  soiled  white 
papdLne.  Scattered  among  these  are  light  orange  papilla;  of  a  larsrer  size  with  oc- 
casionally one  of  brown.  These  papilLne  are  hemispherical,  hard,  opaque  and  shin- 
ang,  and  the  larva  feels  rough  and  harsh  to  the  touch.  At  each  moult  some  of  the 
papilla3  disappear,  especially  all  the  brown  ones,  the  green  shade  becomes  more 
apparent  and  the  skin  softer. 

Mature  Im-va;  length  l.oo  inch;  cylindrical,  tapering  each  way  from  third 
segment;  color  light  bluish  green ;  surface  rough,  covered  with  whitish  papilla); 
head  sub-quadrate,  bilobed,  bluisli  green,  a  pair  of  orange  papilla;  on  vertex ;  neck 
green,  constricted,  retracted  within  second  segment  when  at  rest;  spiracles  brown- 
ish yellow.  Chrysalk  at  first  light  green,  soon  changing  to  whitish  green  or  to 
light  cinerous  brown;  the  whole  surface  indistinctly  marked  with  fine  parallel 
streaks  of  darker  color ;  in  form  short,  thick,  gibbous,  the  abdominal  segments 
contracted  almost  into  a  hemisphere. 


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PATH  1  A. 

The  genus  Papilla  contains  a  numlu'r  of  Hpecios  wliidi  inhabit  the  tropical 
re.'ions  of  America,  from  >Moxico  to  JJrazil,  hut  (rh/ccr'mni  is  the  only  ones  wliose 
lango  i.s  known  to  cxtcMtl  into  the  1  nited  l^tates.  It  in  found  upon  th(!  prairies 
of  Illinois,  ^lissouri,  Kansas  and  Texas. 

I  have  never  seen  it  on  the  Aving,  hut  am  indehted  principally  to  Dr.  L.  K. 
Ilayhurst,  of  tSedalia,  iMo.,  for  copious  notes  upon  its  hahits  and  for  descriptions, 
us  also  for  the  drawing  of  the  food-plant,  larva  and  chrysalis  represented  on  the 
plate. 

Dr.  Ilayhurst  says :  "The  larvic  feed  on  the  ])lant  commonly  known  as  Wild 
Sage,  Croton  capitatuin,  as  many  as  a  dozen  individuals  heing  sometimes  found  on 
one  low' hush. 

"  The  leaf  of  this  plant  is  ovate-lanceolate,  ahout  two  inches  long  and  three 
fourths  inch  hroad.  On  the  mid-rih  the  larva  extends  itself,  its  head  toward  hase 
of  leaf  and  attaches  a  thread  to  the  edge  at  ahout  one  third  the  distance  from  hase 
to  apex.  l}y  a  tension  ou  the  thread  it  draws  this  edge  jiartly  towards  the  other 
and  there  fastens  it,  heing  assisted  hy  the  natural  tendency  of  the  leaf  to  curl  in- 
ward. The  operation  is  repeated  until  tlic  edges  meet,  'when  the  larva  ])roceeds  to 
join  them  firndy,  almost  to  the  apex,  leaving  a  small  opening  through  which  to 
eject  its  castings. 

"  During  the  heat  of  the  day,  it  remains  concealed,  hut  towards  evening  comes 

'out  to  feed,  though  sometimes  it  feeds  upon  its  own  house,  eating  the  leaf  half 

way  down  from  hase  to  point,  then  ahandoning  it  and  rolling  up   a  new  one. 

"  When  placed  in  a  cool,  shaded  room,  the  larvte  sehlom  rolled  up  leaves,  hut 
fed  at  random  over  the  plant,  and  when  at  rest  6imj)ly  lay  extended  on  the  leaves. 
Many,  though  not  all,  of  the  rolled  leaves  that  I  cut  open,  were  completely  lined 
with  a  closely  woven  coating  of  strong  white  silk. 

"  In  a  glass  hreeding  cage,  the  larva  will  travel  over  the  sides  as  readily  as 
over  a  rough  surface.  This  it  docs  hy  s[)inning  a  sort  of  ro2)e-ladder  in  advance, 
descrihing  segments  of  circles  by  the  motion  of  its  head  from  one  side  to  the  other. 

"  Wlien  ready  to  transform  it  spins  a  hutton  of  white  silk  on  the  under  side 
of  a  leaf  or  branch,  and,  fastening  the  anal  legs  therein,  doubles  upon  itself  until 
the  extremities  meet.  In  this  position  it  remains  about  twenty  four  hours  when  it 
suddenly  throws  off  its  larval  skin  and  becomes  a  chrysalis.  Some  of  my  chrysa- 
lids  were  eighteen  and  twenty  days  before  the  butterfly  emerged. 

"  The  flight  of  the  butterfly  is  exceedingly  rapid,  with  a  dry,  whistling  sound. 
Althou^'li  easily  alarmed  it  seldom  leaves  a  favorite  locality,  but  continues  to  fly 
about  until  danger  has  passed.  It  is  curious  as  the  Yanessas,  and  I  have  several 
times  taken  it  by  standing  motionless,  when  after  numberless  rapid  circlings 
and   dashes  about  me,  it  would  suddenly  alight  on  the  ring  of  my  net. 


V        '  < 


PAP  III  A. 


"  Undoubtedly  this  species  hyboriiatcs.  Early  in  Novenihor  tlio  Imtterflics 
that  I  hiid  bred  from  larva?  wen;  slill  active  but  had  gone  into  winter  quartern 
araoug  the  dried  loaves  and  stems  of  the  food  })lant  in  the  breeding  cage,  selecting 
the  ch)sest,  narrowest  corners  and  si^ncczing  themselves  in.  After  the  Aveather  had 
become  quite  cold  I  jiut  the  cage  into  a  dark  cellar  and  left  it  there  about  a  week 
when  I  brought  it  back  to  the  warm  room.  The  butterllies  were  dormant  but  soon 
revived  and  Hew  about  as  briskly  as  ever.  I  then  returned  them  to  the  cellar 
whore  they  remained  till  the  8j)ring  when  I  brought  them  out  and]ilacod  them  in 
the  sun.  After  a  few  hours  two  revived  and  Hew  about  the  room.  Tlie  other 
was  dead. 

"  During  last  winter,  (1870)  in  February,  a  tree  was  felled  en  the  line  of  the 
railroad  on  which  I  was  at  work.  As  it  fell  it  split  open  and  was  found  to  be 
hollow.  The  cavity  was  partly  fdled  with  dirt  and  hickory-nut  shells,  but  among 
the  stuff  that  foil  out  were  some  twenty  butterflies,  mostly  Vanessas — Antiopa  and 
Atalanla.     But  among  these  were  seven  specimens  of  Ghjccrlum. 

"  This  species  has  but  one  brood.  I  have  noticed  that  the  food  jilant  docs  not 
sprout  up  and  leaf  sufficiently  to  support  the  larva)  before  1st  of  July. 

"  I  have  found  the  butterfly  very  common  wherever  the  food  j)lant  occurs 
throughout  South  AYestern  Missouri,  Southern  Kansas,  the  Indian  Nations  and  in 
Texas,  particularly  on  the  dry  hills  bordering  on  the  Brazos  llivcr." 

I  have  also  received  notes  respecting  this  s])ccics  from  Mr.  J.  II.  ]\ruhl(>man, 
of  "NVoodburn,  Ills.,  who  seems  to  have  first  observed  its  transformations.  Mv. 
Muhleman  says, "  I  am  satisfied  that  there  is  but  one  brood.  Last  year  I  examined 
the  food  plant  during  several  months,  but  found  no  larva)  till  September.  The  but- 
terfly is  shy  and  difficult  to  capture.  I  have  observed  it  in  orchards  resting  on  the 
sunny  side  of  the  trees,  at  other  times  on  the  road  or  upon  the  fences,  and  it  has  much 
the  appearance  of  a  Vanessa,  only  while  this  last  rests  with  wings  half  s])read, 
the  other  rests  with  wings  closed.  I  have  found  the  larva?  from  ;Jrd  Soi)teml)or 
to  30th  The  chrysalis  state  lasts  from  10  to  14  days.  ll\  last  butterfly  ap- 
peared 10th  of  October.  At  this  date,  2,jth  of  Jan.,  I  have  U\o  living  specimens, 
proving  the  fact  of  the  hybernation  of  the  s])ecios." 


i 


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w<n.<\  I      bti,    tliiV 


r.AirrA.  i.c; .'.  ;  4  v    acai.uoa,  ,s  ti  ,5  7  9 


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it-   :    I! 


'•'  liilf-ili 


THECLA  I. 


THECLA  LAETA.    1—4. 

Tlicda  Iseta,  Edwards,  %  ,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  18G2.  ? ,  Thecla  ClothiUh,  Edw.  Proc. 
Ent.  8oe.  Phil.  1803. 

Male.     Expands  .9  inch. 

Upper  side  black ;  ficar  base  of  primaries  a  few  scales  of  deep  metallic  blue ; 
next  anal  angle  of  secondaries  a  band  of  .same  color,  which  extends  halfway  along 
the  hind  margin,  many  of  the  scales  being  replaced  by  black ;  beyond  this  band  a 
fine  line  of  blue  scales  follows  the  margin  to  outer  angle ;  anal  angle  edged  Avith 
red ;  fringe  grey. 

Under  side  of  secondaries  and  apex  and  costal  margin  t)f  primaries  slate  blue 
with  a  green  reflection ;  costal  edge  of  i)rimarics  red ;  disk  of  same  wings  smoko 
color ;  beyond  the  cell,  on  costal  margin,  a  transverse,  abbreviated  seiies  of  five 
small  red  spots,  edged  posteriorly  with  white,  the  last  tAvo  obscured  by  the  smoky 
hue  of  the  disk. 

Secondaries  have  two  series  of  red  spots  parallel  to  the  hind  margin;  those  of 
the  exterior  small  and  towards  the  outer  angle  minute,  each  more  or  less  surrounded 
by  a  lelicate  white  border,  in  which  are  a  few  black  scales;  the  inner  series  crcesea 
the  middle  of  the  wing,  is  sinuous,  the  spots  large,  brighter  red  and  crescent 
shaped,  bordered  posteriorly  with  Avhite  in  which  are  a  few  black  scales ;  edge  of 
the  wing  at  anal  angle  and  at  the  intersection  of  the  adjoining  nervures  red;  thorax 
and  abdonun  above  black,  beneath  white ;  legs  and  antennte  annulated  white  and 
black ;  palpi  white  ;  club  black,  red  at  tip. 

Female.     Expands  1.1  inch. 

Upi)er  side  black  ;  the  base  of  primaries,  and  inner  margin  for  two-thirds  its 
length,  and  all  of  secondaries,  excej,!,  the  costa,  dark  metallic  blue.  Untlcr  side 
greenish-grey,  losing  the  green  tinge  on  inner  margin  of  primaries;  in  addition 
to  the  five  spots  on  disk  of  male  are  two  blackish,  rather  indistinct  spots,  bdow  the 
others,  nearer  the  base. 

Canada ;  Maine ;  "\^''cst  Virginia, 

The  male  of  Ma  originally  described  wjij  one  of  two  taken  near  London, 
Canada,  by  Mr.  Saunders  in  18(51.  In  Ain-il  of  the  present  year  (ISC.H)  at  Coal- 
burgh,  Kanawha  Co.  AV.  Va.,  1  was  called  by  a  laborer  to  look  at  a  "  fly  "  in  ii  j)ost 
hole  that  he  was  digging  beneath  a  hop  vine,  which  "  fly  "  he  sujiposcd  he  had 
brought  to  light  in  )ns  operations.     I  took  the  insect  between  thumb  and  linger. 


iif 


11 

■ '  1 
1 '  i 

1 

•'! 

III!. 


M 


Hi. 


T  HELL  A   I. 

and  A'orv  iiiucli  to  my  surprise  it  proved  to  l)e  a  perfect  specimen  of  Irrfa  female, 
that  doubtless  had  been  at  rest  on  the  vine,  and  cliilli'd  by  the  cool  morning  air 
had  been  suddenly  jarred  from  its  place  into  the  hole.  The  diilerence  in  color  be- 
tween the  nude  and  female  is  much  of  the  same  nature  as  between  the  sexes  of 
lluda  Poms,  the  female  being  nuicli  more  highly  ornamented  with  blue  than  the 
male.  The  sexes  in  Tlicda  liave  similar  markings  on  under  surface  and  are  easily 
identified  by  liiat  means.  On  comparison,  this  female  proved  to  be  identical  with 
Thccid  Cldlhlldc,  -which  I  described  in  hS*;:}  from  a  worn  and  faded  sjiecimen  re- 
ceived from  llev.  Mr.  Provauchcr,  near  Quebec,  having  then  no  suspicion  of  its 
affinity  to  laia. 

Mr.  Scudder,  in  his  Supplement  to  a  List  of  the  Butterflies  of  New  England 
{Proc.  Ji'Mf.  Soc.  Xdf.  Hid.  1808),  mentions  Clothildc  as  having  been  taken  near 
Paris,  ^faine,  on  22nd  July. 

Tiie  Theclas  are  widely  dispersed,  hut  are  rarely  met  with  and  are  difficult  of 
capture  from  their  extreme  restlessness  and  activity,  darting  about  with  so  rapid, 
jerking  a  motion  that  it  is  almost  impossible  for  the  eye  to  follow  them.  The  pre- 
sent sjiecies  is  tropical  iu  its  colox'ing  and  seems  quite  out  of  latitude  in  the  North- 
ern States. 


TIIECLA  ACADKA.     ,">— 7. 

Thecla  Acadira,  Edwarls,  I'loc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  J'liila.  18G2. 

Male.     Expands  1.2  inch. 

Uj)[)er  side  dark  brown;  costal  edge  of  j  .imarics  red;  on  the  disk  a  smooth 
oval  spot;  secondaries  have  a  single  tail  (unless  the  very  slight  ])rojection  at  extrem- 
ity of  the  secoiul  median  nervule  be  so  designated)  which  is  black,  edged  towards  an- 
al angle  and  tipped  with  white;  i'rom  its  base  a  bluish  white  line  extends  along  the 
margin  t(Mhe  anal  angle;  the  space  next  above  this  line  sprinkled  slightly  with 
fulvous  scales  making  a  broad  band  mine  or  less  distinct,  which  terminates  beyond 
the  tail  in  a  clear  fulvous  spot;  fringe  of  both  wings  fuscous,  at  the  anal  angle 
black,  next  before  the  tail  vhite,  l)eyond  it  black  through  which  runs  a  white  line. 

Under  side  grey  with  a  ])early  lustre  (but  sometimes  brownish-grey  or  even 
sordid  grey-white);  on  primaries  a  short  discal  bar  edged  with  white;  beyond 
this,  a  bent,  transverse  row  of  black  spots  each  surrounded  by  white,  the  one 
next  costa  minute,  the  next  three  round,  fourth  and  fifth  oval  and  .-ixth  double; 
within  and  along  the  margin  a,  row  of  clongati'd  pale  fulvous  sjiots,  gradually  be- 
coming obsolete  towards  apex,  narrowly  edged  on  the  inner  side  by  black  on 
which  rests  a  line  of  bluish-white. 


U:iv;,| 


III 


THEf'LA   1. 


Secondaries  have  a  Ions;  diseal  streak,  a  curved  transverse  row  of  l)lM('k  spots 
and  streaks,  eadi  surrounded  or  edf^od  by  white,  the  six  ironi  costa  nearly  round, 
the  lifth  l)eini.-  anterior  to  the  general  line,  the  seventh  long  and  bent  towards  anal 
angle,  the  last  a  streak  running  up  the  margin  and  bent  near  its  inner  extremitv ; 
hind  margin  edged  with  whitish  and  bordered  l)y  a  vei'million  (sometimes  orange) 
band  which  is  divided  by  the  nervures  into  spots,  eaeli  of  which  is  archetl  above 
and  edged  with  black  on  which  rests  a  lino  of  bluish  white ;  this  band  extends 
some  distance  up  tiieabd(miinal  margin  and  encloses,  on  hind  margin  near  anal  an- 
gle, a  large  rounded  space  sprinkled  with  blue  atoms;  the  threeor  four  red  spots 
next  outer  angle  partly  obsolete  iuul  the  si)ot  next  the  blue  jtatch  sometimes  edged 
on  tne  nuirginal  side  by  black  ;  in  some  specimens  a  black  edge  at  anal  angle. 

Body  above  dark  brown,  below  greyish-white  ;  legs  greyish-white ;  palpi  white, 
at  extremity  black  tipi)ed  with  white;  antenna)  black  anniilated  with  white;  club 
black,  reddish  at  tij). 

FErjALK.  8ame  size.  Similar  to  the  male,  only  wanting  the  oval  spot  on  pri- 
maries. 

Taken  in  ("anada,  near  London,  and  in  various  parts  of  Xew  En'dand  aiul 
New  York. 

I  have  received  from  Mr.  Saunders  a  descrii)tion  of  the  larva  and  chrysidis 
of  this  species  as  follows  : 

"  Found  feeding  on  willow,  June  11,  18(5.'),  June  18,  18(;(',,  and  about  middle 
of  June  18(>7  and  18()8.  Length  O.O;]  inch;  nniscifonu.  Uvad  very  small,  pale 
brown  and  shining,  drawn  within  the  second  segment  win  ii  at  rest.  Vxnh  above 
green,  of  a  moderately  dark  sluule,  thii  covered  with  very  short  ^vhitish  hairs, 
scarcely  visible  without  a  magnifier.  iUr  thickest  frnm  third  to  tenth  sciriuents  • 
a  dorsal  line  of  a  darker  shade  of  green  than  the  rest  ,>t'  body.  Dorsal  niii(.n  flat, 
rather  wide  and  bordered  with  a  raised  whitish-yellow  lino,  beginning  at  tlie  third 
segment  and  growing  fainter  on  twelfth  and  thirteenth.  Sides Of  in.dy  inclined  at 
an  almost  acute  angle  and  stri^jcd  with  faint  obli(iue  lines  of  greenisli-ydl.iw.  A 
whitish-yellow  line  borders  the  under  surface  beginning  at  theuiiterior  e(li;c  of  sec- 
ond segment,  and  exteniling  entirely  around  the  Inxly  to  a  point  .ipposite  the  place 
of  beginning;  this  line  is  raised  in  the  same  manner  as  that  bordering  the  dorsal 
ridge.  Twelfth  and  thirteenth  segments  nuu'h  flattened.  Under  sni'face  similar 
to  upper,  Avith  the  same  coating  of  short  fine  hairs;  feet  and  proU'gs  |,  ,rtake  of  the 
general  color.  In  a  younger  speeinu'ii  the  head  was  almost  hi;;  '  ith  a  streak  of 
white  across  the  mandibles.  The  under  side  was  rather  tleeper  in  color  than  upper, 
with  a  faint  bluish  tint. 

"Cbrysalis  0.;52  inch  long;  greatest  wi(Uh  0.15  inch;  thickly  cdvered  with 
minute  liairs.     Color  pale  brown  with  many  dots  and  patclies  of  a  darker  shade  j 


THECLA  I. 

a  dark  ventral  stripe  from  seventh  to  terminal  segments ;  sides  of  body  with  four 
or  five  short  Hnes  of  dark  brown.  The  duration  of  the  chrysaHs  state  is  about 
eight  or  nine  days.     I  have  had  .specimens  enter  the  chrysalis  as  late  as  July  3rd." 

Since  the  lescriptiini  of  Acndica,  in  1862,  some  of  our  lepidopterists  have 
doubted  if  this  species  was  not  identical  with  falacer,  Godart,  and  of  Bois.  and  Lee. 
Messrs.  Grote  and  Rubinson  have  contributed  some  valuable  papers  on  this  and  al- 
lied Theclas  to  the  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1867,  and  show  clearly  that  falncer  of 
Godart  and  of  the  text  of  Bois.  ami  Lee.  (but  not  of  the  plate,)  and  of  Harris,  Ins, 
Mass.  is  properly  T.  Calanus,  Wcstwood ;  that  falacer  of  Bois.  and  Lee.  plate,  is  a 
distinct  species,  now  called  inorata,  G.  &  li.;  and  that  Acadica  differs  from  either. 
The  latter  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  others  by  the  color  of  its  under  surface, 
the  extra-discal  band  of  spots,  and  the  extended  vcrmillion  border. 

The  flowers  in  the  accompanying  Plate  are  said  to  be  varieties  of  Phlox  diva- 
ricata,  and  are  common  in  the  woods  throughout  the  Kanawha  district  in  the 
m^iiths  of  April  and  May. 


-'>«.. 


Ill 


n, 


I  i  1 


ill :    I 


I  I        ,    ! 


nr 


}Wm  €JLi&^ 


IJ". 


El  vmiA  I'-  M.  TM' 


NTARIu  1  2.5.STRIQOSA  3  4  «  5  6  * 


THECLA  II. 

TIIECLA  ONTAKIO.     1-2. 

Thechi  Ontario,  Edwards,  Tra.is.  Am.  Eiit.  Soe.  ii,  p.  20!),  1809. 

Male.     Exi)ands  1.1  inch. 

Upper  side  ,lark  brown,  color  of  T.  Acadica  ;  on  costal  margin  of  primaries  a 
bi^e  sn^ooth  oval  spot;  secondaries  have  a  single  tail  and  a  ver/slight^p^n 

t^2.:\r  ""'  '"  ";'"'t  =  '''""  ^''^  '--^f  tl-tail  afhintlhiteli:: 
extend  along  the  margin  to  anal  angle;  at  this  angle  a  few  scales  of  fulvous-  be- 
tweenthe  first  and  second  median  nervules  a,i  indistin.-t  n.arginal  dark  .  ,o  .bl 
Md^jdjareafew ftdvous scales i.crescentf;n-n.;  tail  black,tip,^d;^^ 

Under  side  uniform  light  brown,  color  of  T.  (Mhnm,  AVestw.  {f„hccr  of  Godart 
and  Harris);  across  the  disk  of  primaries  a  nearly  straight  narrow  bund  of 
spots,  sightly  edged  without  by  white;  this  band^is conHnuo:  ^  p^'  ^    ^ 'j^ 
spots  m  the  second  and  third  median  interspaces  are  somewhat  lunnh  to  aula 
ted;  para  lei  to  the  margin  is  a  second  band  of  faint  spots,  of  dark  brown  ne!]y 
obsolete  at  each  extremity;  on  the  inner  edgeof  the  thieeor  four  middle    mol^ 
distinct  of  these  spots  are  a  few  white  scales. 

Secondaries  have  a  discal  row  of  spots  like  those  of  primaries,  but  separated 
forming  a  nearly  straight  line  (the  two  middle  spots  onlv  being  o  itside  1  e  £ 
from  he  costa  to  a  point  just  above  the  black  space  that  ^urmoiuits  the  bl  mv  "  h 
hen  turning  towards  abdominal  margin  in  a  zigzag  course  forming  th  1  te  V 
the  last  hmb  of  which  is  long  and  reaches  the  extreme  margin  ;  hind  niar.-in  ed^  II 
by  a  fine  whitish  line  and  lx.rdered  by  a  row  of  spots  occ%;ing  it  !:  fe' 

each  of  which  is  edged  above  with  a  curved  black  line  on  whic-h  i^  a  second  bth' 
white  line;  the  four  spots  next  apex  almost  obsolete,  merelv  slu,  Wa  d    W 
tmge  than  the  ground  color  and  on  these  the  black  crescents  are  not  lis   n    td 
the  white  me  is  represented  by  a  few  scales  only ;  the  fifth  spot  a  shade  darker  tha 
Ue  preceding  and  edged  above  with  a  narrow  patch  of  orange-red ;  the  «ix 
black  with  a  broad  red  arch  between  it  and  the  black  line,  bevond  the  t    la  W 
patch  0    blue  scales  on  a  black  ground  which  it  .Iocs  not  wholly  cov  /ka  'n. 
above  the  blue  a  small  black  spot  on  which  are  a  few  red  scales    at   1        "     t 
rotvnded  black  spot  narrowly  edged  above  with  white,  between  which  and  the  black 
and  white  lines,  which  here  are  not  crescent,  is  a  red  space 

Body  above  fuscous;  beneath,  abdomen  ashy-brown,  thorax  blue-..rev. 


egs 


\i  i 


THl'irLA   II. 

wliito  iiiid  liliick  ;  ])!il|ii  wliito  tipped  with  Ijlnck ;  iiiitonnir  aiiiiiilatcd  white  und 
black;  cliih  hlack  tipped  with  f'ernin'inoiis. 

From  a  single  .speeimeu  taken  hy  Mr.  E.  B.  Reed,  at  PortHtuuley,  Ontario,  in 
July,  l.S().S. 

This  speeieH  is  allied  to  T.  Itumuli,  Harris,  {/ii/perlel,  IJois.  and  Lee.),  hut  dif- 
fers in  several  respects;  especially  in  the  color  of  under  surface,  in  the  ahsencc^  of 
a  fulvf)us  horder  to  th(!  discal  lines  in  each  wing,  in  the  conspicioiis  blue  j)atch  and 
red  and  black  sul)niarginal  crescents;  //»/«»// also  is  double-tailed,  the  shorter  of 
the  two,  being  twice  as  long  as  the  tail  of  the  present  species. 


i:! 


!i!:l#r:'l 


THECLA  f^TIiUiOSA.     ;5— 0. 

Thicla  stl'iijosti,  Iliirrii',  Ins.  .Masn. 

Male.     Expands  1.1  inch. 

Upper  side  fuscous,  without  sj)ots;  secondaries  have  two  tails,  the  niner  one 
twice  the  length  of  the  other,  each  bordered  and  tipped  with  white ;  fringes  fuscous, 
on  secondaries  crossed  by  a  whitish  line. 

Under  side  jjale  brown;  the  outer  liinl)s  of  l)oth  wings  crossed  by  four  irregu- 
lar, rather  wavy  white  lines,  varying  a  little  in  individuals,  but  of  which  the  two  in- 
ner ones  on  primaries  ap})roximate  posteriorly ;  the  third  being  shorter  than  the  sec- 
ond and  the  fourth  or  outer  one  reaching  only  to  middle  of  wing ;  on  secondaries 
the  inner  line  extends  nearly  across,  then  bending  at  a  small  angle;  runs  some  way 
u])  abdominal  margin,  ])receded  in  the  last  part  of  its  course  by  another  line  near- 
ly parallel  to  it;  above  the  termination  of  these  two  u  circlet  of  white  on  the  marg- 
in ;  the  outer  line  is  short  and  limited  to  the  middle  of  the  wing ;  [)riniaries  have  a 
submarginal  row  of  indistinct  brown  luindes  edged  anteriorlv  bv  white;  secondaries 
have  u  similar  series,  but  posteriorly  large,  bright  red,  edged  above  with  black  which 
itself  is  edged  with  white,  enclosing  next  anal  angle  a  large  black  space  nearly  cov- 
ered with  blue  scales ;  beyond  this  a  small  black  spot ;  another  at  the  angle  sur- 
mou'.ited  by  a  red  stripe  edged  like  the  lunules  and  extending  up  the  margin ;  the 
lunules  next  outer  angle  usually  exhibit  a  few  scales  of  red  ;  nun-gins  of  both  wings 
edged  by  a  line  whitish  line. 

Body  fuscous,  beneath  greyish-white  ;  legs  white  annulated  with  brown  ;  ])alpi 
white,  the  ujjper  joint  black  tip])ed  with  white  ;  antennte  annulated  black  and  white; 
club  fuscous  tippeil  with  white. 

Fkmale.     Expands  1.2  inch. 

Paler  than  male;  in  some  cases  showing  a  fulvous  spot  near  anal  angle  of  sec- 
ondaries; the  wavy  line  edged  anteriorly  by  dark  bi-own. 


;■! 


THECLA    II, 

^Sy/vy/o-w  has  also  lu'cntiikcii  ill  :\r!iss!iclmsctt^;  at  Thornton.  \.\v  Flanipshiiv  ; 
and  at  CoalhiiVj^Hi,  \V.  Va.,  hiit  seems  to  he  rarer  than  most  sjuries  of  the  ocniis. 

The  phint  represented  in  the  plate  is  ,S7A/*r  r;/v/////rr/,  and  is  not  nneommon 
among  tiie  mountains  of  West  Virginia,  flowering  in  .May. 

The  hirvu  of  this  spocios  is  thus  (h-stM-ihed  hy  Mr.  Wm.  Sann(h'rs. 

"Taken  wlien  hnsji-heating,  June  l.'Jtii,  IHCll  ( liondon,  ()ntari(t,)  upon  a  spe- 
cies of  ( 'ratu'gus. 

Lengtli  one-]ialf  ineh.  Head  greenish-l,rown.  PxhIv  (lattened,  sloping  ah- 
ruptly  at;^id(.:;  color  velvet-green,  with  a  deeper  colored  dorsal  stripe;  anterior 
edge  of  second  segment  yellowish-brown  with  a  I'vw  darker  dots;  middle  segment 
laterally  striped  Avith  two  or  three  faint  yellow  ohli(pie  lines  ;  the  last  two  segments 
have  each  a  lateral  yellow  ])ateh  ;  from  the  liftli  to  terminal  a  faint  yellow  basal  liiu! ; 
under  surface  bluish-green. 

Changed  to  chrysalis  June  lijth. 

Length  of  pupa  M7.  Form  nearly  oval ;  head-case  rounded  ;  body  dark  red- 
dish-brown with  Idack  marking,,  and  thickly  covered  with  line  hairs;  anterior 
segments  with  many  black  j)atehes  ;  a  dark  ventral  line  from  (1th  to  iL'th  seo'ment  " 


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VIC  .A'.'.n: 


\  V>.l-i'      I.Y  '^i:.^  AM  us. 5.11  a. 79. 


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LYCJNA  I. 


LYCyENA  VIOLACEA.    1—4. 

Lycmna  violacea,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  1866. 

Male.     Expands  .9  to  1.2  inch. 

Upper  side  usually  deep  glossy  violet  blue,  but  sometimes  with  a  pink  tinge; 
costal  margin  of  i)rimaries  silvery ;  hind  margins  of  both  wings  edged  bv  a  black 
line  which  is  expanded  on  the  apical  half  of  primaries  into  u  border;  oii  this  part 
of  the  wing  the  fringe  is  black,  but  on  the  lower  half  and  on  secondaries  it  is  white 
with  bla-k  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules ;  occasionally  on  secondaries  it  is  entirely 
white;  in  many  cases  the  black  marginal  line  turns  the  anal  angle  and  there  thick- 
ens so  as  to  make  a  conspicuous  spot ;  as  often  there  is  an  elongated  spot  at  the  out- 
er angle  and  sometimes  five  or  six  dots  between  these  two  spots  along  the  margin. 

Under  side  of  both  wings  greyish-white,  of  uniform  color  entirelv  to  the  mar- 
gin ;  primaries  have  a  dark  grey  discal  streak,  a  sub-marginal  transverse  row  of 
SIX  rather  broad,  mostly  elongatrd  black  spots,  the  first  next  costa  in  advance  of  the 
hne,  the  others  parallel  to  the  margin,  the  8rd,  4th,  and  oth  standing  obliquelv  ; 
along  the  margin  a  row  of  six  points,  often  partly  obsolete,  each  preceded  bv  a  dis- 
tinct dark-grey  crescent,  these  last  uniting  so  as  to  make  a  crenated  line. 

Secondaries  have  a  discal  streak;  three  black  spots  in  a  row  between  the 
streak  and  base,  one  being  on  either  margin,  the  third  midway  between  them ;  a 
transverse  row  of  eight  clear  black  spots  across  the  disk,  the  two  next  costa  largest, 
much  in  advance  of  the  others  and  over  against  the  streak,  with  which  aiurthe 
eighth  spot  they  form  a  direct  line ;  the  third  is  separated  from  the  second  by  a  con- 
siderable space,  the  fourth  is  turned  oblicpiely ;  the  seventh  is  long,  lunular  and  . 
back  of  the  line  ;  eighth,  near  the  margin,  elongated  ;  along  the  margin  is  a  i-ow  of 
six  Wackish  dots,  palest  at  outer  angle,  that  next  anal  angle  double,  the  one  pre- 
ceding largest ;  each  spot  surmounted  by  a  crescent  as  on  j)riniaries. 

Body  a])ove  blue,  beneath  white;  palpi  white;  antenntc  black  ringed  with 
whhe ;  club  black  tipped  with  ferruginous. 

Female  a.  Same  size;  paler  and  dull  colored;  the  hind  margin  and  apex  of 
primaries  with  a  broad  blackish  border;  costa  of  both  wings  obscured  bv  same 
color. 

b.     Upper  side  uniform  blackish-brown  ;  under  side  like  the  mal?. 
On  the  Kanawha  River  this  is  the  t'arlicst  l)utterfiv  of  the  year.     After  the 
stormy  weather  of  March  is  past,  usually  about  the  20th,  on  the  first  sunny  day, 


LYC.ENA  I. 


;'  ^    :i  ■! 


will  surely  bo  soon  two  or  throe  of  those  little  "  hiirl)ingers  of  Sprinp;"  gently  flit- 
ting about  any  moist,  sheltered  spot  on  the  road,  out  of  reaeh  of  the  wind  whieh 
still  has  a  wintry  ehill,  eons[)ieuous  from  their  charming  color,  whieh,  in  the  sun- 
light is  intense,  as  near  as  may  1)0  Wkc  Sah'iajxitnis  among  flowers.  They  evi- 
dently enjoy  their  es('ai)e  from  long  imprisonment  and  make  the  most  of  their  stay, 
which  will  ho  but  brief,  scarcely  beyond  the  next  night's  frost. 

By  the  3rd  or  4th  of  April,  we  usually  have  one  or  two  very  warm  days,  the 
mercury  at  80°,  and  then  these  little  butterHies  swarm  along  ;he  sandy  sides  of  the 
creeks,  gathering  in  clusters  as  close  as  they  can  stand,  in  favorite  spots,  motion- 
less, with  wings  erect  and  closed,  wholly  intent  on  extracting  from  the  sand  some 
fluid  no  doubt  delightful.  With  them  will  often  be  seen  some  of  the  smaller  Hos- 
perians,  es])eeially  that  sturdy  little  fellow,  IT.  Samoscf,  8cud.  inrmori>i,  Edw.)  who 
has  placed  himself  like  a  sentinel  outside  the  throng,  with  wings  half  open  and  sus- 
picious antennae,  ready  to  dart  away  for  the  least  cause,  frightening  for  a  moment 
his  busy  associates.  He  will  not  return  till  the  danger  is  past,  but  they,  after  flut- 
tering about  a  little,  settle  down  as  before.  These  are  all  males,  for  the  females  do 
not  ap])ear  till  some  days  after,  or  about  the  10th.  By  this  time  the  poach  trees 
are  in  full  bloom,  and  the  females  are  especially  attracted  to  them.  But  as  a  gene- 
ral thing  this  species  is  not  partial  to  flowers. 

Most  of  the  females  are  of  the  black  type,  variety  />.  Out  of  nearly  one  hun- 
dred taken  in  18G7  but  five  were  blue. 

By  the  end  of  April,  viohicea  is  no  more  seen,  there  being  but  a  single  brood. 

I  have  received  specimens  taken  near  Pliiladol[)hia  and  at  London,  Canada. 
This  species  is  probably  to  be  found  dispersed  over  Now  England  and  New  York, 
and  1  think  has  been  confounded  with  Lurla  of  Kirby,  a  paler  species  with  mot- 
tled under  surface,  and  of  which  an  excellent  figure  is  given  in  the  Fauna  Boreali- 
Americana. 


LYCiENA  LYGDAMAS.    5—7. 

Lycsenn  Li/ffdamas,  (Lyg'-da-inas,)  Doubleday.  Poli/ommatus  Lygdamas.  The  Entomologist,  No. 
14,  Dec.  1841. 

Male.     P^xpands  1.8  inch. 

Upper  side  wholly  si  Ivor- blue ;  costa  of  both  wings  and  the  nervules  for  a  lit- 
tle distance  from  the  margins  fuscous ;  fringes  long,  fuscous. 

Under  side  uniform  grey-brown;  piimarios  have  a  small  round  black  spot 
within  the  coll,  a  bent  bar  at  its  extremity,  both  edged  entirely  with  white  ;  Avithin 
the  margin  a  transverse  curved  row  of  seven  large  rounded  black  spots,  the  two 
lower  ones  connected,  all  surrounded  by  white. 


LYCENA  1, 

Secondaries  have  a  small  black  spot  within  the  cell,  another  on  costal  margin, 
a  narrow  stri])o  in  the  clislc,  and  a  .sinuous  row  ot'  sjjot.s  within  the  mui-giii  shuilur  to 
those  of  primaries,  all  edged  with  white. 

Body  above  fuscous  covered  with  blue  hairs ;  abdonion  hcneath  white ;  palpi 
white  at  base,  fuscous  at  extrciiii^ty ;  antcnnje  black  annulated  with  white;  club 
black,  white  near  tip,  which  itself  is  black. 

Femalk.    Same  size. 

Upper  side  sometimes  entirely  blue  except  along  the  margins  which  are  fus- 
cons ;  the  bluodeeper  cijlored  and  less  dense  than  in  the  male  ;  sometimes  the  greater 
part  of  the  surface  is  fuscous,  the  blue  shade  being  conliued  to  the  base  of  the  win<''s ; 
under  side  paler,  but  marked  as  in  the  male. 

Found  in  Michigan,  Ohio,  West  Virginia  and  through  the  Southern  States  to 
Georgia.  Doubleday  gives  its  habitat  in  the  pine  forests,  but  in  West  Virginia, 
I  have  usually  found  it  in  the  garden  or  about  houses.  It  appears  there  early 
in  April,  a  few  days  after  violacea,  but  is  rare,  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  being 
seen  in  a,  season. 


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LYC./ENA  II. 


LYC.ENA  PSEUUARdlOIAJS.     1—;?. 

Lt/nrna  P»fH,larijioh»,  JUuHtluviil,  Boi.s.  &  Loc.  Lep.  des  Amcr.  p.  118,  text,  not  pinto.  Ed- 
wards, Proo.  Am.  Knt.  Soo.  l«C(i.  Ar;,wlH»,  Abbot  &  Smith,  In.^.  Go,.,  pi.  15.  lY.yeWa,  Ilarria,  Ins. 
Muss.  2nd.  edition,  jiiii^d  274,  toxt,  not  plato. 

Male.     Expand.-^  1.1  indi. 

Upper  side  (Jdicate  pule  blue  with  a  puik  tinge;  co.sta  of  primaries  wilvery; 
hind  ma'-<,nn.s  edged  by  a  blaek  line  which  sometimes  is  eximmled  upon  the  apical 
part  of  primaries  into  a  border;  fringes  black  and  white  on  primaries,  wliite  (m 
secondaries. 

Under  side  white,  sometimes  pure,  but  oftenf*  Avith  a  greyish  tinge  ;  the  spots 
and  markings  pale  blaek  or  brown,  often  nearly  or  quite  wanting;  when  distinct, 
primaries  have  a  discal  streak,  a  transverse  row  of  six  s])ots,  mostly  elongated,  the 
third,  fourth  and  lifth  turned  obliquely,  tlic  sixth  frequently  Avanting;  a  marginal 
row  of  dots  each  pivceded  by  a  serrated  t(ioth. 

Secondaries  have  three  dots  in  a  transverse  row  near  the  base ;  a  discal  streak; 
a  row  of  eight  minute  spots  acn)ss  the  disk,  the  two  next  costa  much  in  advance  of 
the  others,  the  next  four  and  tlie  eighth  nearly  [)arall(l  to  the  margin,  the  seventh 
back  of  the  line ;  the  margin  l)ordered  by  a  row  of  black  points,  each  preceded  by 
a  serrated  tooth  as  on  ])rimaries. 

Body  above  blue,  below  white;  palpi  black  above,  white  below,  tipped  with 
white ;  antenme  black,  ringed  with  white ;  club  black  tipped  with  ferruginous, 

F.KMALE.     Same  size. 

The  apical  half  of  costal  margin  and  the  whole  of  hind  margin  of  primaries 
and  costal  of  secondaries  broadly,  and  basal  half  of  [jriniaric's  narrowly,  ed-nnl  with 
black;  the  rest  of  primaries  violet-blue,  (sometimes  lilac  or  green)  exce])t  a  lar<re 
whitish  patch  on  the  disk;  secondaries  a  duller  blue,  not  metallic;  the  hind  mar- 
gin edged  by  a  row  of  small,  rounded,  blackish  sjwts.  Under,  side  purer  white 
than  the  average  of  inales.     Fringes  as  in  the  male. 

Larva  unknown  except  as  given  in  the  plates  of  Abbot  and  Smith  and  in 
Boisduval  and  Leconte.  The  descripticm  aecomj)anying  the  latter  is  as  follows- 
"Head  black  ;  l)otly  green,  pubescent ;  back  yellowish  ;  a  d(jr.sid  red  stripe,  inter- 
rupted, cut  transversely  near  the  middle  by  a  red  arc  which  is  concave  posteriorly  ; 
sides  with  oblique  stripes  of  darker  shade  than  the  ground  color ;  above  the  legs  a 
stripe  of  obscure  green." 


LY(!;KNA    II. 


Tho  fijiiiro  in  Abbot  roprcHotits  lliclicad  as  red;  body  ^rocu ;  ii  dorsal  bhii'k 
Htript^  uiiiiitcniiptt'd ;  Hides  witli  oldiiiiic  black  stripes;  and  tbcrcfon)  diU'crs  uuito- 
rially  from  Hoisdiivarrt  (h'si-ription,  as  it  doos  also  from  his  liifiirc. 

The  present  Hpccics  is  found  in  Vir<;inia,  Ohio,  and  in  llie  iiionntainons  dis- 
tricts as  far  south  as  ( Jeorijia  ;  also  in  PeMnsylvaiiia  and  oeeasionally  in  N'ew  York. 

I  lia\i'  often  ^n'cn  it  in  the  months  of  May  and  June,  upon  the  AUejihaiiies  of 
Virj^inia,  saunteriii};  listlessly  along  scarcely  faster  than  the  lund)erin<,s  nld-fash- 
ioncd  Htago  coach  which  still  forms  the  medium  of  travel  in  those  picturescpie  re- 
gions. 

Its  large  wings  and  disproportionately  slender  body  give  tiiis  species  a  slower 
and  niorci  tortuous  and  trenndons  llight  tiian  any  other  of  our  eastern  Lyea'nidic. 

On  tho  Kanawha  lliver  it  is  rather  a  comuKtn  species  during  its  season,  the 
males  somewhat  frecpienting  the  roads,  especially  where  they  skirt  the  edges  of  tho 
woods,  but  very  much  ])referring  the  brooksides  in  the  forest.  The  females  arc 
rarely  to  be  seen  in  th(^  same  localities,  but  are  foinid  in  th(^  more  open  woods  among 
shrubs  and  low  plants.  The  second  brood  a[ipears  in  July  and  is  nuich  less  nu- 
merous than  the  ilrst.  At  this  season,  the  channels  of  the  small  streams  are  near- 
ly dry,  and  lying  as  they  ahvays  do  in  this  region,  between  lofty  and  abrupt  hills, 
serve  as  a  highwiiy  for  many  butterflii's,  Melitieas,  ( Jraptas  and  others.  Many  may 
lie  here  taken  that  are  not  often  seen  elsewhere,  as  the  rare  J'.  Tdnjuliiiiis  and  J'Ju- 
damus  CclluK.  This  last  named  is  exceedingly  ran^  and  very  hK-al  in  its  habits. 
Mr.  Ridings,  while  spending  some  weeks  with  me,  in  18(57,  discovered  n  weather 
beaten  log  lying  across  one  of  these  streams  in  the  deptlis  of  the  forest,  on  which 
for  an  hour  or  two  the  mid-day  sun  shone  and  on  and  about  which  he  captured 
many  specimens  of  Oi/iin,  returning  for  several  successive  days  for  the  jmrpose. 

1  wa.s  formerly  under  the  impression  that  the  males  of  all  butterflies  were  very 
much  uiore  numerous  than  the  females.  They  usually  ajtpear  earlier  and  may  be 
on  the  wing  from  a  week  to  a  fortnight,  according  to  the  species,  before  a  female  is 
si'cn.  lint  1  now  incline  to  think  the  sexes  nearly  e([ual  in  number.  This  is  the 
result  of  my  exjterience  in  rearing  fi(»m  tlu'  larvic.  The  lemales  wouKl  naturally 
be  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  ])lants  ujion  which  their  larvie  feed,  and  upon  wliic^h, 
the  eggs  are  to  be  de}iosited.  These  are  likely  to  be  away  from  the  flowers  or  the 
si)ots  fre(iuented  by  the  males  and  remote;  consecpaently  as  a  rule  far  more  nudes 
are  taken  by  collectors  than  females. 

Abbot  &  Kinith  iigured  the  pi-esent  species  under  the  name  Arglolm,  consid- 
ering it  iilcntical  with  the  European  sj)ecies  of  that  name,  which  it  strikingly  resem- 
bles in  size  and  color  of  its  upper  surface,  though  diil'ering  beneath  in  several  respects. 

Boisduval  and  Leconte  describe  I'l^eiidarjiulus  with  no  reference  to  Abbot  and 
Smith's  ligures  or  name,  but  refer  to  the  true  Aryiulus  as  very  near  their  sj)ecies. 


LYC.KNA   II. 


us  their  iiatiit'  also  indicates.  In  the  (lescription  they  make  repeated  eoinpari-iotis 
with  .  I  ri/io/i/.s,  and  cNhc*  hyMayinj?;  "the  tint  of  llie  under  side,  tiie  size  (d'the  l)laek 
dots  and  the  iuar;;inal  hmnies  easily  distinu;nisii  this  species  from  Ai'ijiohi*,"  all 
which  is  correct  as  between  the  males  of  the  twt)  species  in  ([nestion.  They  aNo 
describe  the  frinsjesof  the  male  as  white  cut  with  black  implyiuL;  the  tVinj;(' of  b.th 
wings.  Of  the  fi'Uiale  ihey  say;  "The  n|)per  side  i  uf  a  paler  and  less  vicdet  blue, 
with  ii  larjfe  black  border  upon  the  fijrewings  and  a  mar;;inal  series  of  points  of 
same  color  nearly  as  in  the  female  of  Ai'i/Io/iia,    At  the  extremity  of  tlu;  discal  cidl 


of  f 


orewini;s  is  likewise  a  sm 


all  l)lack  arc.     'JMie  frin"e  of  forewinus  is  cut  with 


black."  This  description  of  the  female  is  that  of  the  species  li;fured  by  Abbot  and 
Smith.  The  li<;nrc  of  female  on  tlu;  j)late  also  represents  that  species,  and  follows 
the  text.  But  the  description  of  thi;  male,  except  in  its  comparisons  with  An/io- 
lus,  and  tlic  fijjjurc  eorresp(mdin<;  on  the  plate,  seems  not  to  indicate  t\n'  Ari/iohis 
of  Abbot  and  Smitli.any  more  than  Xif/lccf'i  or  Viohicca.  The  li!j;ures  rather  rep- 
res(>nt  the  former  of  these  two,  especially  in  the  lon<f  white  fringe  to  hind  wiiij^s, 
while  tlu'  text  describes  the  fringe(»f  I'lo/arca,  that  is,  white  cut  with  black  on  both 
winfi;s.  It  is  very  didicult  to  (U'terminc  closely  allied  species  from  any  but  the 
most  carefully  executed  plates  and  in  the  case  of  J'/tcudnrf/ioho^,  I  think  it  prob- 
able the' description  was  intended  to  cover  what  were  considered  varieties  of  one 
species.  In  this  rather  con fnsi'd  state  of  things  it  seems  to  me  proper  to  lix  the 
name  PttriKldrf/lo/ua  upon  that  si)ecies  wliii'h  is  nearest  the  true  Aryiutm,  and  which 
is  also  the  one  figured  by  Abbot  and  Smith. 

The  figures  of  7Vi/(^//'y/V>//w  in  Harris  represent  Z(«'/ff,  Kii'by;  at  least,  the 
under  side  is  of  that  species,  while  the  text  describes  X('(jlccta,  Edw.  which  replaces 
pHciKhu'ijioIus  in  the  Xorthern  States. 

The  plant  figured  in  our  plate  Is  the  Sand  Blackberry,  11.  cuneifolius,  common 
in  Virginia. 


LYCAENA  NEGLECTA.    4—6. 

Lycmna  ncghcta,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1802.  Pseudarr/iolus,  Harris,  Inserts 
Massachusetts,  2nd  cditinii,  page  274,  (text). 

Male.     Ex[)an(ls  1.1  inch. 

Ul)per  side  of  primaries  delicate  azure-blue,  paler  in  the  disk  and  silvery  on 
costal  margin ;  secondaries  greyish-blue,  with  a  broad  azure  margin ;  both  wings 
edged  by  a  black  line  which  expands  toward.s  ajiex  of  primaries  into  a  narrow  bor- 
der and  runs  a  little  way  along  costal  margin;  fringe  of  jirimaries  white  cut  with 
black  at  tips  of  the  nervures ;  of  secondaries  also  sometimes  cut  with  black,  but 
usually  wholly  white. 


ifi 


LYC/ENA   II. 


'I ; 


I 


Undei"  sifle  pure  wliito  with  a  bluish  tint ;  primaries  have  a  fuscous  disoal  streak 
and  a  transverse  row  of  six  fuscous,  abbreviated  streaks  set  obli(|uely  ;  secondaries 
have  a  (Uscal  strealc,  three  jujints  near  l)asc  and  eii:''.!,  points  or  streaks  crossing  the 
disk  in  a  toi  luous  hue ;  both  wings  l)ordered  •>;,  eonllueut  fuscous  spots,  which  form 
a  crenated  band,  each  spot  enclosing  a  tiarker  point. 

Fi:;jiAi.E.     Same  size. 

Upper  o'.'les  of  both  wings  of  a  deeper  and  more  metallic  blue ;  primaries  have 
p.  broad  iuscous  hind  margin,  and  tliis  color  extends  more  narrowly  along  costal 
uiargin  to  base,  wiiere  it  is  spj'itdchM'  with  blue  scales;  a  faiuL  discal  streak;  hind 
mar;ria  of  secondaries  bordered  by  a  row  of  small  fuscous  spots.  Under  side  as  in 
the  male. 

i/arva,  according  to  ]\Ir.  Saunders  "found  feeding  on  Dogwood,  12th  July. 
Fed  it  afterv.ards  on  "Willow,  which  it  readily  ate.  Length  .4."),  somewliat  onisci- 
form,  distinctly  annulated.  Head  small,  d:irl  -hining  brown  with  a  black  streak 
down  the  middle,  mandil)les  brown  with  a  transverse  streak  of  ])aler  color  above. 
Body  dull  greenish  white;  with  a  f  tint  tinge  of  yellow;  the  second  segment  of  a 
deeper  shade  of  green,  with  a  blackish  line  across  its  posterior  edge;  a  brown  dor- 
sal line;  a  dull  green  band  across  iinterior  poi'tion  of  iifth  segment  and  another  in 
same  position  on  eh  veiith ;  on  each  side  of  eacii  segment,  from  fifth  to  ch^venth,  a 
spiot  of  same  hue  extending  obliquely  Ijackward.  Entire  ui)i)er  surface  covered 
with  minute  dots  from  which  arise  short,  line  liairs." 

Found  in  the  Northern  States  from  Xt'w  England  to  AVisconsin  ;  in  Canada 
aiid  in  British  America  as  far  north  as  Lake  Winnipeg ;  occasional  in  W.  Virginia. 

This  species  replaces  P),cH(Jar(i'whi<  in  the  North  and  has  usually  been  regard- 
ed as  the  sjiecies  so  named.  It  dilfers  iiowever  in  size,  in  shade  of  color  and  in  the 
delicacv  of  markings  on  under  surface. 

The  existence  of  two  distinct  species  confounded  under  the  WAmo  Pscialargio- 
h'S  was  suspected  by  ]Mr.  Edward  l)oul)leday  as  long  age  as  1841,  as  aj)2)ears  from 
ii  marks  by  him  in  the  "Eutomoh)gist"  of  that  year,  page  20J). 

Xrfjlccta  is  by  jio  means  a  connuou  species.  So  far  as  my  own  experience  goes 
1"  tlie  N(;rthern  States  1  havo  seldom  seen  more  than  two  or  three  individuals  up- 
on a  June  day.  At  certain  spots  in  the  Catskills,  especially  near  the  "Fawns  Leap*' 
in  the  Clove  south  of  the  Mountain  House,  a  few  may  always  be  seen  at  that  season 
ilying  about  tiie  wet  spots  by  the  road  side.  But  in  June  ISfiO,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Coalbargh,  \V.  Va.,  ^ycY/Zcr/a  appeared  in  large  luimlxM's,  while  I  scarcely  saw  a  doz- 
en j'.-<('ii<l(fri/io/ii.'^,  usually  so  abundant.  In  the  following  years  to  the  present 
(18Gl'j,  Ncyleda  has  again  been  rare  in  this  district. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


Papilio  A.TAX. — The  chrysalids  meiUioiicd  in  the  toxt  as  having  jtas.sod  over 
the  winter  of  1871—2,  commenced  yielding  imagos  in  February  and  continued  till 
12th  April,  with  the  following  results: 

From  1st  and  2nd  brood  WaUu — 2^.  2?,  Tclamonidcs,  lS,MarccIlus. 

From  Walsh'd  of  23rd  .^Nlay— 'i  /,  2?,  Tclamonidcs^,  1  ,',  Man-c/bts. 

From  Iclamonidcs  of  27th  Mny — 7(?,  3$,  Tc/amonidca. 

From  Tclamonidcs  of  28th  May — 3<?,  3$,  Tclamonidcs. 

From  Marccllus  of  1st  and  4th  June— 13.?,  23?,  Tclamonidcs,  3  ,:,  jrarccllus. 

From  Marccllus  of  2!)tli  July— 14 c?,  13?,  Tclamonidcs. 

Total  4(!.^  40  ?,  Tclamonidcs,  1,?,  4  ?,  Marccllus,  and  no  Walslu'i. 

Nevertheless,  between  the  11th  of  April  and  1st  of  May,  Walshii  was  exceed- 
ingly abundant  on  the  wing,  and  up  to2!)th  of  April,  Mr.  Mead,  who  was  with  me, 
had  taken  G3  specimens,  while  he  had  talcen  or  seen  but  one  Tclamonidcs.  Soon 
after  1st  of  May,  tlie  latter  viiricty  appeared  in  small  numbers,  too  early  evidently 
to  have  sprung  from  Walslui  of  this  year.  15y  2oth  of  ^lay,  TdamoniJcs  suddeidy 
api>eared  in  such  force  as  to  make  it  certain  that  they  had  now  begun  to  come  froin 
the  larva;  jr/oduced  from  eggs  of  Walsh  ii.  ]hit  why  not  one  of  nearly  one  hun- 
dred chrysalids,  from  so  many  broods  of  1871,  and  of  all  the  varieties,  should  yield 
Walshii,  whiloOut  of  doors  this  variety  was  so  abundant  ami  for  weeks  tlie  only 
one  ilying,  is  surprising.  The  same  tb.ing  hiid  haj)pened  with  cluysalids  carried 
over  the  winter  of  18(18 — 9,  when  of  32  imagos  but  one  was  Wahliiil  As  the  clirvs- 
alids  were  kept  in  the  house  and  the  imagos  emerged  prematurely,  some  of  them 
by  several  weeks,  owing  to  the  warm  temperature,  it  is  possible  that  the  artificial 
acceUu-atiou  may  have  had  to  do  with  pnxbicing  tlie  later  varieties  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  earlier,  or  WaJshii. 

Xkoptiasia  Me.vapia.— The  figure  given  on  the  plate  as  the  female  is  erro- 
neous. Until  (piite  lately  the  two  S(>xes  were  su])])Osed  to  be  similar,  but  specimens 
taken  on  iSan  Juan  Island  by  Dr.  Bremnei',  show  a  wide  dilferenc;e. 

Female. — Size  of  male.  Color  yellowish  or  soiled  white;  the  black  apical 
patch  eidarged,  the  five  enclosed  Bpots  being  yellowish;  costal  stripe  as  in  male; 
secondaries  have  a  broad  black  border  enclosing  on  the  margin  a  series  of  separated, 
rounded  yellowish  spots  that  occupy  the  interspaces  from  outer  angle   to   lower 


I; 

if: 


III 


'  '•  1 

■■!■  i!   :l 

\l 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 

branch  of  median  nervuro,  each  spot  posteriorly  and  at  the  edge  of  th(    margin 
being  orange;  alxloniiiial  margin  orange  tinted. 

Under  side  yellow;  primaries  marked  as  above,  bnt  seeondaries  have  all  the 
nervnres  broadly  bordered  with  black  scales,  which,  beyond  the  disk,  nearly  iill 
the  interspaces;  the  black  marginal  hand  as  above,  the  sjwts  smaller;  an  orange 
patch  on  edge  of  margin  in  each  interspace;  costal  and  abdominal  margin  orange. 

CoLiAS  EuRYTiiEMi::. — From  ]\[r.  Ilayhnrst  1  have  received  an  admirably 
executed  drawing  of  the  egg,  larva  and  chrysalis  of  this  sj)ecies.  The  egg  is  long, 
fusiform,  ril)bed  longitmhiially.  Length  of  mature  larva  1.4  inch;  cylindrical, 
tapering  posteriorly  from  1  Itli  segment;  head  green,  translucent;  body  dark  green, 
somewliat  jiilose,  each  segment  transversely  creased;  a  narrow  whiie  lateral  band 
from  second  to  last  segment,  through  the  middle  of  which  runs  a  broken  line  of 
Vermillion  red.  Tiiis  larva  is  a  little  longer  and  larger  than  that  of  O.  F/ti/odice, 
which  it  much  resembles,  but  is  without  the  series  of  semi-circular  l)laek  spots  next 
under  the;  lateral  hand,  usually  seen  on  tiie  latter.  The  eggs  were  deposited  on 
.Builalo  (rrass,  (Trilolium  rcllexum)  and  the  larvaj  fed  tlu'reou.  ("hrysalis  .!)o  inch 
in  Icnglh;  cylindrical,  tapering  to  a  point  [)usteriorly;  tlic  head  case  also  produced 
to  a  point;  inesonotal  process  rounded  anil  not  very  prominent ;  a  whitish  lateral 
line  runs  from  wing  cases  to  extrcnnty  of  al)domv'n,  above  which  is  a  black  stri[)e 
that  crosses  two  or  three  of  the  upper  abdominal  segments.  Tiie  shape  diU'ei-s  froui 
that  i)^  Pluloilicf,  in  the  attenuation  of  the  head  cas(!  and  lesser  prominence  of  the 
process;  also  in  absence  of  the  ivbdominal  markings.  This  description  however  is 
given  from  the  drawing. 

("oLiAs  Ai.iix  WDUA. — This  species  was  found  by  j\[r.  Mead  to  be  very  com- 
mon in  certain  lo(!alilics  in  Colorado.  "It  was  first  observed  aiiuul  dune  loth,  when 
four  males  were  taken  near  the  South  Park;  elevation  ",)()(>()  fet't.  On  21st,  at 
Turkey  Creek  Junction,  27  >''.  and  7  i  were  taken,  all  in  fine  condition.  l>ut  'mo 
or  two  of  the  females  were  albinos,  this  variety  being  exceedingly  rare.  I'he  la-t 
Alcxnndrd  was  taken  August  2Sth.     'The  eggs  were  laiil  upon  Lupinus." 

From  an  ^'•^'^  sent  me,  a  maguilieil  drawing  ha-;  lieen  made  by  ^dr.  Konopickv. 
Tlie  shape  is  tusiibi-m,  like  tlial  of  egg  dI'  L'tiri/f/ifiiir,  and  it  is  longitudinally  fur- 
nished with  IM  or  20  ribs,  between  which  throughout  are  transvei'se  I'ihs  ol'  less 
prominence. 

AucYXXTS  DiAXA. — This  butterfly  contiiuies  to  be  the  rarest  of  its  genus. 
A  few  individuals  appear  ab(»ut  th(j  first  day  of  didy,  in  Kanawha,  when  the 
milk-weeds  (.Vselepia)  ai'e  in  bloom,  the  llowers  of  which  are  vej'y  attractive  to 
all  butterflies.     But  it  is  only   u[)ou  sucii  [latches  of  (his  plant  as  are  near  the 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


forest  that  it  need  be  looked  for.  My  garden  is  on  tlie  river  side  not  more  than 
forty  rods  from  the  woods  and  planted  with  flowers  in  niashes  expressly  to  at- 
tract butterflies,  Petunias,  Single  Zinnias,  Phloxes,  &c.  At  all  times  swarms  of 
Papilios  are  to  be  seen,  and  when  Cyhele  is  in  season  it  also  abounds.  But  I 
do  not  recollect  soeiiig  more  than  one  Diana  there  in  years,  and  it  flew  about 
as  if  supicious  of  the  place  and  presently  darted  off"  to  the  woods  again.  On 
the  10th  of  July  of  the  present  year,  (1872)  when  triivelling  over  the  James  River 
and  Kanawha  Turnj)ikc,  in  Fayette  Co.  W.  Va.,  west  of  ]^>ig  ScwoU  Mountain,  in 
course  of  a  drive  of  ten  miles  through  the  white-oak  forest,  I  saw  twenty-five  or 
thirty  fresh  mak's,  no  donljt  that  morning  emerged  from  ehrysjdis.  The}'  wei'e  on 
the  road,  either  uj)on  sand  or  on  horse  dung,  solitary  except  in  one  instance,  when 
I  saw  two  together.  So  intent  were  they  usually  upon  their  own  concerns  that  I  Wiis 
able  to  alight  and  approach  them  without  much  difliculty,  and  as  I  always  liave  a 
net  at  hand  when  travelling,  I  succeeded  in  taking  four  specimens  in  bcHUtiful  c()n- 
dition.  But  if  struck  at  and  missed,  they  were  alarmed  and  flew  wildly  up  and 
down  the  road  with  surjn'ising  swiftness,  and  frequently  in  and  out  of  the  wood,  so 
that  it  was  useless  to  follow  them.  The  same  day,  ]\Ir.  Jidius  Meyer,  of  Brooklyn, 
was  H'  the  vicinity  and  ()l)served  the  s-nne  comparative  abundance  of  indivichials 
and  their  unusual  gentleness  and  cnptured  nine,  (all  males,  no  females  being  seen 
by  either  of  us).  But  for  several  succeeding  days,  altliough  he  walked  repeatedly 
over  the  same  ground  and  over  other  roads  in  the  neighborhood,  he  was  not  able 
to  take  a  single  one.  They  were  two  wary  to  be  ai)proached.  Except  in  these  in- 
stances I  have  scarcely  ever  known  of  a  perfect  male  being  taken  by  any  collector,  for 
the  surface  of  the  wings  is  sensitive  to  the  slightest  touch,  and  flying  about  tin;  forest 
as  is  the  habit  of  these  insects,  tmpiently  in  furious  chase  of  each  other,  the  wings 
become  rubbed  and  broken.  I  doubt  if  a  jierfect  specimen  could  be  fjund  the  sec- 
ond day  from  chrysalis.  This  species  is  to  be  found  here  and  there  over  a  large 
extent  of  tiie  Southern  States,  but  it  can  nowhere  1k'  common.  It  seems  irreclaim- 
able by  civilization,  and  as  if  in  process  of  extinction. 

I  succeeded,  in  September  18(51),  in  obtaining  eggs  from  females  enclosed  with  both 
violets  and  our  common  iron-weed  (Vernonia  .'asciculata)  and  in  course  of  a  few 
days  the  larv;e  were  duly  iuitcbed.  But  they  could  be  induced  to  eat  nothing  and 
BJiortly  died. 

Mr.  llayburst,  then  at  Sedalia,  Missouri,  afterwards  wrote  me  that  be  hud  suc- 
ceeded in  raising  one  lai  va  from  some  of  these  eggs  that  I  bad  sent  him,  until  it 
reached  the  second  moult,  when  it  died.  This  one  fed  on  the  haves  of  the  other 
species  of  Vernonia  (Novcboracensis).  Mr.  Meyer  suggests  that  the  didiculty  in 
raising  Argynnis  larvic  from  llu  egg,  is  owing  to  the  dryness  of  the  Invediiig  boxes. 
In  a  state  of  nature  these  larva)  feed  in  the  forest,  on  low  growing  plants  and  in 


:'!:li 


;■  ! 


Ill 


m. 


n 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 

moist  places,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  proper  conditions  shrivel  and  die,  dry  up, 
in  iad. 

Tlie  eggs  were  sub-conic,  more  rounded  at  tlie  base  than  eggs  of  Oybcle,  strong- 
ly ribbed  vertically  and  horizontally. 

Aroyxms  CynioLic, — ]\Ir.  Wra.  Saunders  has  described  the  larva  and  chrys- 
alis of  this  species  in  the  Caniidian  Entomologist  for  August,  1872.  The  larvse 
were  taken  early  in  June,  when  just  about  to  change  to  chrysalids,  having  gathered 
in  some  numl)ers  under  jjieees  of  bark  placed  by  Mr.  Saunders  near  the  edge  of  a 
wood  and  in  tlie  vicinity  of  ])utclics  of  violets  with  the  view  of  enticing  the  larvaj 
to  take  refuge  thereunder  wiicn  ready  to  change.  By  tliis  haj)py  thought  tlie  way 
is  pointed  out  for  ol)taining  the  larva  of  any  sj)ecies  of  Argynnis.  The  eggs  of 
Gybvle  I  have  myself  obtained  abundantly  from  females  enclosed  with  plants  of 
violet,  but  although  they  hatched,  tlie  larva:  refused  to  eat  and  soon  died.  These 
eggs  are  gcnerically  like  tliose  q\'  Aplirndilc,  JJhuiu,  Atlant'n^,ix\\i\.^(i\(iV'd\  other  sjjc- 
cics  il;at  1  have  procured  in  same  manner.  They  are  all  sub-conic,  resting  on  a 
broad  base,  furnLshed  with  strong  vertical  ribs  which  are  strengthened  by  smaller 
cross  ribs.  The  eggs  of  the  several  species  dilfer  mostly  from  each  other  in  com- 
parative height,  lircadlh  of  base  and  curvature  of  sides.  There  is  but  one  anuiial 
brood.  In  West  Virginia,  tbe  eggs  are  deiiosited  late  in  the  season,  in  S('|)ti'inl)('r, 
and  as  they  hatch  in  fourteen  days  nffcr,  it  is  probal)le  tliat  the  larva;,  after  having 
moulted  once  or  twice,  stoj)  f(!eding  and  pass  the  winter  in  a  torpid  state,  ready  to 
revive  with  the  lirst  ajiproaeh  of  Spring. 

Akoyxxis  IIalcyoxk. — ^Mr.  Mead  writes;  "This  species  begfu  to  appear,  Gth 
July,  at  Fairplay.     It  was  fre(piontly  seen  at  Twin  Ijakes." 

Fkmai.i:.  Expands  :>  inches.  U|)[)er  side  pahsr  fulvous  than  the  male,  the 
subinaiginal  spots  liidcd  lo  sonlid  whi^';  on  uudcr  side  the  sj)ots  are  well  silvered. 

AiUiYXNis  EnwAUDSM. — "Specimens  were  taken  around  Denver,  June  1st, 
also  on  Turkey  Creek  smd  in  the  South  Park,  but  none  were  seen  at  Twin  J^idces, 
July  8th  to  21st.  A  single  nuich  worn  specimen  was  t:d<;en  in  the  Middle  Park, 
Aug.l2th.     The  second  brood  apj)ears  about  the  midiUe  of  August." 

Ak<;v\nis  IIksi'ekis. — "This  sjuM'ies  was  first  found  (ju  Turkey  (,'reek,  June 
2 1th,  when  four  lualcs  were  captured  at  wet  places  in  the  njad.  They  were  ex- 
ceedingly shy.  A  few  days  after,  several  were  taken  high  up  on  a  UKiuntain  side 
where  they  were  attracted  by  vaiioiis  Ijowers,  especially  Labiataj,  and  were  then 
very  accessible.      With  them  weic;  Arj.    A/laiiiis." 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


Argyxxis  Atlaxtts.— I  was  much  surprLsed  at  findin.!;  several  Allantis 
among  Mr,  Mead's  colleetiotis.  They  were  seen  jicar  Turkey  Creek  and  also  in 
the  Arkansas  Valley.  A  female  in  captivity  deposited  eggs  on  violets.  The  larva 
ami  chrysalis  o?  Atlanfls  are  described  in  Packard's  (iuide,  p.  2.")2. 

AiKJYX.vis  Apiiiiooiti; — Three  specimens  were  ohtained  hy  :\[r.  Mead,  vary- 
ing somewhat  from  those  found  in  the  Atlantic  Htates,  in  that  tiie  male  approaches 
the  female  in  style  of  coloring,  having  the  decj)  ferruginous  under  side  of  seconda- 
ries and  the  fiery  line  above  that  is  seen  la  tl-c  females.  It  is  a  striking  variation, 
and  only  after  much  consideration  did  I  conclude  that  the  species  Vi-AH  Aphrodile. 
The  females  were  very  n-uch  as  in  eastern  specimens.  No  Cijhdc  was  seen  by 
Mr.  Mead. 

GuAF'TA  Failvtis.— This  species  has  l)een  taken  hy  iNlr.  .Tulius  Meyer  (July 
1872)  in  Fayette  Co.  \V.  Va.,  the  most  southern  locality  as  yet  known  to  me. 

Ltmi:xitis  WicrnrcMKYKuir.— Of  this  species  ]\[r.  Mead  says,  "I  found  my 
first  specimen  on  the  banks  of  Turkey  Creek,  June  Oth.  No  more  were  seen  until 
2.")th.  It  seems  to  be  very  local  and  is  not  tbund  above  the  altitude  at  whicli  wil- 
lows flourish." 

Li.UKXFTrs  Prosiorpixa.— In  liis  paper  entitled  "A  Systematic  llevision  of 
the  American  Butterflies,  Ac."  Rc[)ort  Peabody  Acad.  Sei.  1871,  Mr.  Scudder 
gives  Pi-oxcrplm  as  a  synonymn  of  Ursula,  with  which  opinion  I  by  no  means  agree. 
rro.^rrpina  seems  to  be  conflned  to  the  mountain  districts,  ami  ajtart  from  the  re- 
markable white  band  that  (jharacterises  it,  has  a  great  i'csend)lance  io  L.  Arthcmis 
in  the  cohering  of  the  under  surface  and  which  Ur.vila  has  not.  The  otily  test  of  a 
.species,  next  to  the  certain  one  of  brcjcding  it  from  the  egg,  is  constancy  to  type, 
and  when  a  particular  form  is  found  year  after  year,  in  any  locality,  the  inference 
is  irresistible  that  it  peri)etuates  its  own  type  antl  is  therefore  distinct.  AV^e  call 
such  form  a  species,  without  knowing  more  of  its  history  than  a[)[)ears  on  the  sur- 
face, and  it  is  upon  exactly  this  sort  of  evidence  that  half  our  s])ecies  rest.  If  ever 
by  breetUng  from  the  egg  Proserpina  shall  be  proved  to  be  only  a  variety  or  di- 
morphous form  of  Ursida,  the  discovery  will  be  most  interesting,  as  well  as  con- 
vincing. 

Apatura  Alicia. — In  tlio  paper  aljove  quoted,  Alicia,  together  wiii!  CfJiis, 
is  given  as  synonym  of  Lii^von,  Fab.  Ft  is  possible  that  tlui  former  may  be 
Lyeaoti,  as  seems  to  be  the  (.pinion  of  .Mr.  Butler,  in  Cat.  Diur.  Lep.  of  Brit.  Mus. 
1869.  p.  r>7,  but  1  cannot  doubt  its  distinctness  from  Celtls,  Bois.     The  figure  of 


ifri 


» 

19 

1 

i 

1 

ill 


111 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 

this  last  species  in  Boisduval  and  Leconte  agrees  well  with  the  common  Apatura, 
of  West  Virginia,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on  Celtis  occidentalis.  It  is  of  an  oli- 
vaceous brown  quite  different  from  the  fulvous  of  Alicia,  which  species  is  very 
exactly  represented  on  tlie  plate.  Tliere  are  many  other  differences  which  may  be 
seen  on  comparing  the  two  plates  in  question.  These  species  are  allied,  but  no  more 
nearly  than  Coinim  and  Faiiims,  or  many  others  that  could  be  cited.  h\  the  notes 
on  Alicia  as  first  printed,  the  species  was  compareil  with  Clyton  by  mistake  for 
Celtis. 


IM 


t  '^ 


I    J 


'     !      ' 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 


Numerical 

Kumcrical 

Heading  of  Plates. 

Order  of 

Heading  of  plates. 

Onlcr  of 

riatos. 

riatcs. 

PAPILIOXIDJi. 

Argymiis  V. 

24 

Paiiilio  I. 

.          1 

Argynnis  VI.    . 

.     25 

X 

Papilio  II.      . 

9 

Argymiis  VII. 

20 

Papilio  III. 

.       3 

Argymiis  VIII. 

.     27 

Paruassiua  I. 

4 

Argymiis  IX. 

28 

Parnassius  II.    . 

5 

Argymiis  X. 

.     29 

Parnassius  III. 

() 

Argymiis  XI. 

30 

Parnassius  IV.  . 

.      7 

Argymiis  XTI, 

.     31 

Argymiis  XIII. 

32 

PlEEIB.E. 

Argymiis  XIV. 

.    ;]3 

Pieris  1. 

8 

Melitica  I.      . 

34 

Pieris  II.  . 

.      9 

Grapta  I.  . 

.    35 

Anthocaris  I. 

10 

Gra[>ta  II.      . 

36 

Anthocaris  II.   . 

.     11 

Grapta  III. 

.     37 

Colias  I. 

12 

V 

Grapta  IV.    . 

38 

Colias  II.  . 

.     13 

Grapta  V. 

.     39 

Colias  in.      . 

14 

X 

Grapta  VI.     . 

40 

Colias  IV. 

.     15 

Liinenitis  I. 

.    41 

Colias  V.        . 

u; 

Limeiiitis  II. 

42 

Colias  VI. 

.     17 

Liraeiiitis  III.    . 

.     43 

Colias  VII.    . 

18 

Linienitis  1\'. 

44 

Colias  VIII.       . 

.     10 

A  pat  lira  I. 

.     45 

Nymphalip-t:. 

Papliia  I. 

46 

Ai'gyiuiis  I.    . 

20 

Thecla  I.   . 

.    47 

Argyiiuis  II. 

.     21 

Thecla  II.      . 

48 

Argymiis  III. 

22 

LyCcTiia  I. 

.     49 

Argyiuiis  IV'.     . 

.     23 

Lycu-Mia  II.     . 

50 

- 

'tl"' 


«••=: 


XoTE. — Tliiri  Index  will  enable  the  Binder  to  arrange  the  I'lat'M. 


ALIMIABETICAL  INDEX. 


/! 


1   i    • 


I    I  I 


Antliocharis  Cooperii.      .     .  10 

llfiildrtii.    .     .  10 

8ara 11       3l» 

Apiitura  Alicia 45     lo5 


« 
« 


22 

24 
;il 


Argyniii.s  Aplirodite. 
Atlantis. 
Ik'lirciisii. 

Calli[)])0.       .     .  25 

(Vlu'li".       .     .     .  21 

J)iaiia.      .     .     .  20 

JCdwardsii.       .     .  ;)0 

Ilaleyonc.     .     .  2cS 

Ilcsperis.    ...  20 

L(>t() 29 

Monticola.        .     .  27 

NevadeiiHis.       .  33 

Nokoiuis.    .     .     .  23 

Zcreiio.     ....  32 

Coliam  Alexandra.        .     .  12 

"      Ik'hrii.       ...  13 

Chippewa  ( Helena).  12 

Christina.       ...  13 

"      Edwardsii 17 

"      Enrydice.       ...  Hi 

"      Enrytlienie.       ...  14 

"      Keewaydin.    ...  15 

"      Meadii. 19 

"      Oecidentalis.       .     .  18 

"      Hcuddei'ii 19 

Grapta  Comma 30 

.  .  .  35 


« 
« 

a 


I'ngi'. 

as 

37 


71 

75 
81) 

I    i 

07 
03 
87 
83 
79 
85 
81 
93 
(■) 
91 
41 
44 
42 
43 
55 
53 
45 
49 
GO 
57 
59 
101 
99 


Faunns 

Interrogationismr.Eab- 

ricii 39     li; 

XoTi:. — The  Plates  and  Pages  of  tl 


riatfi, 

CraptaJnterrogationis  rc/^'.Um- 

brosa 3<S 

"      iJryas 37 

"  •  Kityrus 40 

"      Zepliyrns.      .     .     .  40 
Limenitis  Cali  t'orniea    (IJre- 

ddwii).     ,     .     .  44 

"         Loniniiii.      .     .  43 

''         I'rosei'piiia.      .     .  41 

"  "Weidenicyei'li,   .  42 

Lyeit'iia  Lygdanuis.     ,     .     .  49 

"       Xeglecta.      ...  50 

"       Pseudargiolus.     .     .  50 

Molaeea.     .     .     .  49 

]\relita'a  Chalecdon.     ...  34 

Nenphasia  ^fenapia.       ,     .  8 

Papilio  Ajax  v<ir.  Walshii.   .       1 

"       Ajax  var.  Teianionides.  2 

"      Ajax  var.  Mareelln.s.       3 

l*aphia  Glyeerinm.      .     .     .  4G 

i'aiiiassius  Clarins.        .      .  4 

Clod  ins.     ...       4 

"         Eversmanni.     .  7 

"         Bniintheus.      .     .       5 

"         Bmintheu.s.  .     .  G 

"         Siuintheus.      .     .       7 

Pieris  Peekerii 8 

"     Vernalis.       .     .  .9 

"     Virginiensis.        .     .  9 

Theela  Aeadiea       ....  47 

"       LiPta 47 

"      Ontario 48 

"      Strigosa,  ....  48 

le  hound  Volume  may  be  number( 


Page. 

Ill 
109 
121 
123 

133 
131 

127 

129 

150 

155 

153 

149 

97 

29 

1 

5 


1 


lay 


37 
17 
18 
27 
21 


30 
33 
34 
142 
141 
145 
146 

'd  in 


jH'ncil  according  to  this  Alphabetical  Index. 


I    ii 


DATKS  OF  ISSn:  OF  PAIITS    l-IO. 


Part   1.— Juno.    ISOS  (on  covci-  April,  ISC.S ).— (Joiitaininn'  Ar<j;im>'is  Duma,  A, 

Ci/bele,  ^1.  Aplirodile.  A.  XokoDiis.  A    Alhinlis. 
Pai!T  1^. — Octolx'i',    IcSCiS  (on   cover  Au<;-ust.    JSOS). — Cunt;iiiilng  Art/i/iiiiis   dil- 

I'qipe,  A.  Jlcspn-ls,  Co/las  Alcvaiulni.  ('.  Clupinicd  [Jldeiui),  C.  JlrhrU, 

C.  C/irls/liui,  Apatunt  Al'ir'nt. 
Part  3.— May.  ISC!)  (on  cover  Dt'ceniber,  ISOS), — ContainiiiLr  Ari/i/imis  Monli- 

c()h(,     1.  J/d/n/o/ic,  Linxni/is  J'roscrjilNH.  Li/ctiiia  Vuihicca.  L.  LiiiidauKU^, 

Thcchi  Laid,  T.  Acada'a. 
Part  4. — Soptonil)er,  LSCiU  (on  cover  April,  ISG'J).— L'ontainiii,ij,'  Anjiiiniis  Ldo, 

CoUm  Eui'ntherne,  C.  Keewaydln,  Lbnm'dis  Weidetmi/eril,  Theda  Ontario, 

T.  iSlrifjotia. 
Part  5. — April,   1S70  (on  cover  l)cceiiil»er,    iSll'.l),— Containing  Ai'(jiiiuii><   J-M- 

loards'd.  Collar  Kiii'ijdivc,  L'anaui'ix   L<>r(pilm,  Graptii  Faimux,  Li/rana 

P.seudarr/iolio^.  L.  Niujleda. 
Part  6. — Augnst.  1S70  (on  cover  Juno,  1870).— Containing  Argi/iinls  Belirciisii, 

A.  Zerene.  CoUas  Edwardfi'd,A)dhofliarix  L'rakirlii,  A.Coopcr'u,  Liu/cnifix 

Californicfi  ( Bredow'd). 
Part  7. — March,  LS71  (on  cover  Jaiuiarv,   1871). — Containing  Paniasshis  Cla- 

rins,  P.  Clodms,  CoUas  OccldanUdh,  Anthocltarii^  Sma,MeHta:a  Chalcedoii, 

Papilla  Ghicer'mm. 
Pakt  8. — Septonihor,    1871   (on   cover  Angusf.    1S71). — Containing  JVeophasia 

Menapla.  Pier  is  Beckerii,  P.  Virginiensis,  P.  Vcnia/is.  Argnnniii  jVeva- 

doisis,  Grapta  Comma,  G.  Drj/as. 
Part  9. — January,  1872  (on  cover  December.  1871). — Containing  Papilio  Ajar, 

var.  Walshii,  var.   TeJamonidcs,  var.  Marcdhts,   Grapta,  Interrogationa^, 

var.  Umbrosa,  var.  Fahricil. 
Part  10.— September,   1872    (on    cover  July,    1872).— Containing   Parnas.^ius 

SminthcKS.  P.  Eversmanni,  Grapta  Sati/rns:.  G.  ZcpJii/rKs.  ('(dins  Jfcadii, 

C.  Smddcrii. 
Supplement.— January,  1873.— Containing  new  Plates  of  Avji/niiis  Diana,  A. 

Nokomis,  A.  Leto.     Supplementary  Note.s.     Index.     Synop.sis. 


m 


"T- 


it! 


Hii 


i     !     ' 


}l    'il 


SYNOrSLS 


OK 


NOirni  AMI^RICAN  l?UTTi:ilFLIi:s. 


BT 


;%' 


WILLIAM  II.  KDVV Alios, 

UBUBER  OF  THE  AMEItWAN  BUTOUOLOQIOAL  SOCIKTT. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
THE  AMERICAN  ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

1872. 

TEXT  nicriMNiKr) 
BOSTON:   HOUGHTON,  OSGOOD   AND   COMPANY. 

1879. 


'■ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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5r     /^^^ 


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1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


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lU    12  2 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


li  V»f :  -  ^'^AlN  STRIET 

WEBSTEK:,    !.Y.  MS80 

(716)  873-4503 


AUTHORS  AND  WORKS  QUOTED  IN  SYNOPSIS. 


Abbot. — Insects  of  Georgia 

Agassiz. — Lake  Superior.  

American  Entomologist,  St.  Louis. 

Annals  of  the  New  York  Lyceum  of  Natural  History. 
Annals  de  la  Sociote  Entomologique  do  France.        .... 
liehr. — Proceedings  of  the  Caliioniia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 
Boi::<duval. — Icones  liistori(iue  des  Lepidojjteres.  .         .         .         . 

**  Species  general  des  I^epidopteres,  I.        .  .         .         . 

"  Lepidopteres  de  la  Californie,  .  .  .         .         , 

Boisduval  and  LeOjnte. — Lepidopteies  de  I'Amerique  septentrionale. 
Butler. — CatalogueofSatyriuje  in  British  Museum. 

Canadian  Naturalist,  V 

Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  St.  Petersburgh 

Craujcr. — Papillons  exoti(jues.        ....... 

Curtis. — Ross's  Arctic  Expedition.     Ajipendix.  .... 

Doubleday,  Ilewitson  &  Westwood.— (k-nera  of  Diurnal  Lei)idoptera. 

Drury. — Illustrations  of  Exotic  Entomology 

D'Urban. — Canadian  Naturalist,  V. 

Edwards.— Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelp 

"  Proceedings  of  the  Entomologicral  Society  of  I'hiladelphia. 

"  Transactions  of  the  American  Entomological  Society. 

"  Butterflies  of  North  America 

Entomologist's  Monthly  IMagazine,  London.         .... 
Esper. — Die  Europalschen  Schmetterlinge.  .... 

"          Die  Auslandischen  Schmetterlinge.            .      *    . 
Fabricius. — Systema  Entomologiie.  

"  Species  Insectorum,  II 

"  Mantissa  Insectorum,  II 

"  Entomologia  Systematica,  II 1 

Felder. — Le2>idopterol()gische  Fragmente,  A\'icn 

"  Keise  der  Novara.  

Fischer. — JCntoiiJographie  de  la  llussie.  .... 

Fitch. — New  Yoik  Agricultural  lieport,  111.  .... 


.       1707 

I80O 

18G9— 70 


18:J3 

1836 

1809 

1833 

.      1808 

18">7 

IHoo—GS 

1779—82 

.     1835 

1840—52 

1770—82 


iia. 


i,S(;h_72 


1777— !M 

1785—118 
1775 
1781 
17.S7 
1793 
1859 
.       1807 

1823—24 
1859 


IV 


ii  I! 


Freycr. — Ncuere  Beitrage  zur  Schmottorlingskunde.         .         .         .      1831 — CtS 

Geycr,  in  Hiibner's  Exotisclier  SchmetU'rlinge 

(iotlart. — Encyclopcdie  ^Nretliodicjue,  IX. 1819 

"  Duponchels'  Huppleineut.  .  ....         1832 — 42 

Grca.slin. — Annals  de  la  Socicte  Eutoinologique  dc  France.  .         .  

Gray.— Griffith's  Animal  Kingdom,  XV 1832 

Grote  and  Kobinson. — Annals  N.  Y.  J^yceum  of  Natural  History.      .  

Gucrin. — Ifonograi)liie  de  Ilcgne  Animal.  ....  .     1844 

Harris. — New  England  Farmer.         ......  .  

"  Inseets  of  ]Massaclin.«ctts,  2nd  edition.  ....        18G2 

Herbst. — Natursystem,  Selimetterlinge.  .....  1800 

Herrich-Selijelfer. — Europaiselien  Helimetterlinge.  .         .         .  1847 — 50 

TIcwitson. — Illustradons  of  I^yca-nidie.  ......     

Hiil)ner. — Sammlung  Eurojiai^elier  Selnnetterlingc.         .         .  179.'> — 1827 

"  Sammlung  Exoti.-clier  Selimetterlinge.         .         .         .  1810 — 24 

"  Verzeiehniss  bekannter  Selimetterlinge.         ....  181G 

"  Zutrage  zuf  Sitmmlung  Exotisclier  Selimetterlinge.     .         .     1818 — 25 

Kirby. — Fauna  Boreali-Amcricana,  IV.         ...  ...         1837 

Kirtland. — Siiliman's  American  Journal,  XIII. 183G 

Lei'ebvre. — Annals  de  la  Socicte  Entomologique  de  France.    .         .         .         

Linuit'us. — ^luseum  Ludoviea3  Ulrica?  Reginse.  .  ...  17G4 

"  Systenia  Natune,  II.  .......        1707 

"  ISIantissa,  I.  ........         1777 

Lucas. — Papillons  Exoti(]ues.         ......  .  1835 

]\Ieiietries. — Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  St.  Petersburg!!.  .         .         .     

"  Nouv.  J\[em.  Soc.  Imp.  de  Moscou 

l\[oschlcr. — Wiener  Entomologisclie  Monatsclirift.      .....     

Kew  England  Fanner 1829 

New  York  Agriculiural  Tleports,  III.         ......  1859 

Nouvelle  !^[emoires  Societe  Impcriale  de  Moscou,  III.  .         .  

Packard.— Guide  to  the  Study  of  Insects 1809 

Parker. — American  ICntomologist.  .......  1870 

Poe_\. — Centurie  liopidoptercs  dc  I'ilc  (1(^  Cuba.  ....  1832 

"         jMemoria;' s(jbre  la  Historia  natural  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba.       .         ,  1851 

Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia.         .         .         . 

"  "       California  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  .         .  

"  "       Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadeliihia.         .  .       

"  "        Essex  Institute,  Salem,  Mass 


Proceedingsof  the  Boston  Rocioty  of  Natural  ITistory.     . 

"  "       Zoological  Socioty  of  Liiiidon. 

Rainbur. — Fauiie  Entomologique  de  rAmlalou.sie. 
Reakirt. — Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

"         Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia. 
Ridings. — Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia.     . 
Riley. — Ainerican  Entomologist.        ........ 

Ross. — Arctic  Expedition,  A.ppendix.  ...... 

Saunders. — Paekaid's  (Juide  to  Study  of  Insects. 

Say. — American  Entomology.         ....  ... 

Scudder. — Proceedings  of  the}  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
"  Proceedings  of  the  Essex  Institute.        .... 

'■  Transactions  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences.    . 

Silliman's  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  XIII.     . 
Smith. — A !)l)ot's  Insects  of  Georgia.         ...... 

Sommer. — Ijnisduval's  Icones 

StoU. — Supplementl)and  zu  Cramers  Papillons  exotiques. 
Swainson's  Z)i>logical  Illustrations.         ...... 

Thunberg. — Dissartatio  Insecta  Succica,  II.     . 

Transactions  of  the  American  Entomological  Society,  Philadclohia. 

•'  "       Entomological  Society  of  London. 

"  "       Chicago  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 

Westvvood. — Humphrey's  l>ritish  Buttorllics.  ..... 

Wiener  Eutomologische  Mouatschrift. 


1838- 


I8:3r> 


1824—28 


18:J(; 

17U7 


1787— 1)0 

1820—21 

17'.>1 


1848 


.1    Si 


s"2-3sroi>sis 


or 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BUTTERFLIES. 


PAPILIOXID^.. 

PAPILIO,  Linn. 

1.  PiiiLEXOR.  Linn.  Mant.  I,  p.  53-").     Dnirv,  Exot.  Lis.  I,  pi.  11.     Fabr.  Syst. 

Ent.  p.  44;").     Al)l)ot,  Lis.  Geo.  pi.  3.     (lodart,  Enc.  IX,  p.   40. 
Say,  Am.  Ent.  pi.  1.    Bois.  &  Loc.  pi.  11.    P>ois.  ISp.  Gen.  p.  324. 
Ast'inoiia,  Gi-anicr,  pi.  208. 

Hah. — Atlantic  to  Pacific. 

2.  ViLLiERsii,  Eois.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  14.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  p.  325. 

DcvlUicrs,  Godart,  Enc.  IX,  p.  810. 
Hub. — Florida;  Cuba. 

3.  ZoLiCAON,  Bois.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  1852. 

Hub. — California ;  Colorado. 

4.  AsTEEiAS,  Drury,  I,  pi.  11.      Cramer,  pi.  385.      Fabr.  Mant.  Ins.  II,  p.  2. 

Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  0.     Godart,  Enc.  IX,  p.  58.     Bois.  & 
Lcc.  ])1.  4.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  p.  3:52.     Harris,  Ins.  ]\Iass.  p.  212, 

Troihis,  Abbot,  Ins.  Geo.  pi.  1. 

Var.  Brrvicnittla,  Saunders,  Packard's  Guide,  ]).  245. 

Ilab. — Atlantictfe  Western  States;  Canada;  Colorado;  New  Mexico. 

5.  IxDUA,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18(5(3. 

ILih. — Colorado. 

6.  Bairdii.  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1866. 

Hub. — New  Mexico. 

7.  Calverleyi,  /,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1864,  pi.  10. 

Hab. — Long  Island;  Florida,  ('^,  Mead). 


ii 


2 


SYNOPSIS   or    NOUTII    AMKRK  AX    IJUTTERFLIES. 


8.  Tkoilus,  Linn.  Mim.  Lud.  Tlric.  p.  1M7;  Syst.  Nat.  11,  p.  7  U\.     Dniry,  Exot. 

Ins.  II,  j.l.  :•..     Kiihr.  Syst.  Knt.  |).  M  I.     (Vhmicm-,  pi. '3»7.     (Jo- 
dart,  Knr.  TX,]).  ()().      liois.A  Ia'C.  pi,  10.      IJois.  Spec.  <  Jrn.  '.V.H. 
Ilioniua,  Ahliot,  Ins.  (Jcd.  j).  'J.      Fcldcr,  Zool.  Nov.  Kxped. 
y/«/>. — Atlantic,  Houtlu'rn  and  Western  States. 

9.  Palamkpks,  Drury,  Exot.  Ins.  I,  p.  ID.     Cramer,  ]>1.  O:]. 

Caleluis,  Fabr.  Syst.   I'Jit.  p.  4.")o.     (indart,  Knc.  IX,  p.  oi).     Bois.  & 
\jVV.  pi.  o.     Jjuis.  Spec.  CJen.  p.  '•'>'■'>! . 
Hah. — \'ir";inia  to  Floriila;  Gulf  States. 


\h 


10.  TuRXUs,  Linn.  Mant.  Fns.  I,  p.  530.     Fahr.  Syst.  Ent.  ]>.  4.')2;  Sp.  Ins.  II,  p. 

IC).     (Jodart,  Enc.  LX,  p.  5").     Say,  Am.  Ent.  Ill,  ])1.  4l).     Hois. 

&  Lee.  pi.  (),  7.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  p.  oo8.     Lucas,  Pa]).  Exot.  yar. 

S,  pi.  18. 
Ah'UJnums,  Cramer.  \A.  38. 
$  GInucux,  (l)laek  var.)  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.   II,  p.  74(5.     Cramer,  pi.  130. 

Fahr.  Syst.  Ijit.  jt.  44 "),     Ciodart,  Enc.  IX,  p.  GO.     Bois.  &  Lee. 

j.l.  8,  \)'    Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  j).  ;i35. 
//(///. — Atlantic,  Gulf  and  AVestern  States;   British  America,  from 

Nova  Scotia  to  Fort  Simpson. 

11.  lIuTULUS,  Bois.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  1832. 

Ilith. — California;  Colorado. 


12.  EuRYMEDOX,  Bois.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  18o2. 

Var.  Allntiiu,^,  Felder,  Zool.  Nov.  Exped. 

Hid). — California;  Washington;  Colorado. 

13.  PiLU-Mxus,  Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  p.  340.     Menetries,  Cat.  Mus.  St.  Petersb,  pi.  7. 

Hub. — New  Mexico. 

14.  Dauxus.  Bois.  Spec.  Gon.  p.  342.     Ridings,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G2,  fig. 

Huh. — Colorado;  New  Mexico. 

15.  Crespiiontks,  Ci-amer,  pi.  IGo,   IGG.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  12,  13.     Bois.  Spec. 

(ieii.  ]).  3")5. 
Hah. — Southern  States;  occasional  in  Illinois,  Michigan,  West  Vir- 
ginia, Ontario. 


I ', 


SYNOPSIS  OK  Nornii  .\Mr:Hrc.vv  iifTTr.UKi.irx 


8 


10.   Ajax,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  11,  p.  T'lO.     Fill..  Syst.  F.nt.  j..  4"). 

Viir.    \\'((/.i/iii,  Kdwiirds.  Puittorflies  ot  Nortii  Amcric'i,  Pl.itc  I  of  Papilio. 
JJajr,  Hois,  it  Lee.  tt'xt  (not  plate)  p.  4;  ibiil.  Spec.  Gen.  I,  p.  2o8. 
3Ifii'(T//ii»,  Cramer,  ])1.  08. 
Hul)-var.  Ahhotii,  Edwards,  plate  above  pitcd. 

Ajax,  Al.l.ot,  Ins.  ({a.  pi.  4.     Fcldcr,  Hpcc.  Lcpid.  p.  15. 
Var.  JWainoiildrx,  Fcldcr,  Zo(»l.   Nov.    Kxpcd.;     iliid.    S|.(c.    Lcpid.    p.    lo. 
Edwards,  Buttcrdics  of  North  Aincrica,  IMatc  11  of  Papilio. 
AJa.r,  Cfodart,  Enc.  Mctli.  IX,  p.  '>:].      Hois.  &  Lir.  pi.  1.  (not  text) 
Viir.  J/«m7A/.y,  l}(»isdiival.     Pn.is.   &   Lir.  p.   8,   pj.  •_';  ibid.  Spec.  ( Jen.  L  P- 
2.')-.     FoMor,  Spec.  Lcpid.  p.  1."..     Edwards,  ButtcrllicH  of  North 
America,  Plate  III  of  Pajjilio. 
Ajax,  Esper,  Eur.  Sclimett,  L  pi.  •")1.      Iliibncr,  Exot.  Samml.  Sehmett. 
JJal). — Penii.sylvania  to  Texas;  Mississijtjii  Valley. 

17.  Sixo.v,  Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  4')2.     Cramer,  pi.  .'517.     Godart,  Enc.  IX.  ]..  5:3. 

I5iis.it   Lee.  pi.  3.     liois.  8pee.  Gen.  p.  200. 
Protrsihditi,  Drnry,  Exot.  Ins.  I,  pi.  22. 
Jfdh. — Florida;  Cuba, 

18.  PoLYi)AMA.s,  Linn  .Alus.  Lud.  Ulrie.  p.  192.     Drnry,  I,  pi.  17.     Cramer,  pi. 

211.     Fabr.  Sp.  Ins.  II,  p.  8;    Ent.  iSyst.  I,  p.  M.     Gcxlart,  Enc. 
IX,  ]).  .']!».     15ois.  ct  Lee.  pi.  15.     liois.  Spec.  Gen.  p.  ;J21. 
Ilid). — Florida;  Cuba;  ^lexico. 

PARNASSIUS,  Latreillc. 

1.  Clodius,  Menetrics,  Enuin.  Cor]».  Anim.    ]Mus.  St.  Petersb.  I,  p.  73.      Bois. 

Lcp.  do  la  Cal.  18(V.).     Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America, 
Plate  I  of  Parnassius. 
Hub. — California;  Montana. 

2.  Clauius,  Bois.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  1852.     Edwards,  Plate  above  cited. 

Hub. — California;  Nevada;  ^lonlaua. 

3.  Smixtheus,  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  I,  j)l.  4.     Edw.,  Proc.  Aoiid.  Nat.Sci. 

Phil.  1802;  Buttcrllies  of  N.  America,  i'l.  II,  III  of  Parnassius. 
Intermedins,  Menetrics,  Enum.  Corp.  Anim.  Mus.  fc?t.  I'etersb.  1,  72. 
$  Var.  Suijii,  Edwards,  IVoc.  Ent.  {>oc.  Phil.  1803. 
'/Xomion,  Bois.  Ann.  Ent.  iSoe.  de  Fr.  1852;  Lep.  de  la  Cal.  1800. 
cfVar.  liclii'ii,  Edwarils,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  !Soc.  1870. 
ILab. — iiocky  ^Mountains;  Colorado;  Montana. 


SYNOPSIS   or    NOItTIt    AMr.lilCAN    lU'TTLllFLIKfl. 


!  .:. 


4.  EvEiisMAXXii,  Monotrios,  Kmim.  CWp.  Anini.  Mii«.  Ht.  iVtorab.  I,  p,  73,  pi. 
1.     ^ruddrr,  I'rru-,  Jiost.  iSoc.  Niil.  J  list.  iH(li). 
JIab. — Aliasku. 

LEITALIS,  Dalman. 
1.  Melitk,  hinii.  Syst.  Nat.  II,  p.  T-m.     (Vamor,  \i\.  \'h\.     Fabr.  Eiit,  Sy-^.  Ill, 
1,  KiO.     f^wainsun,  Zuol.  lllusst.  1st  eer.  pi.  22.     liois.  iSpcc.  Geii. 
p.  422. 
llab. — Ni'W  Mc;xu'(). 

NEOPIIASJA,  Belir. 
1.  Menapia,  Fckler,  Wion.  Eut.  Moiiats.  Ul,  p.  271, 18o9.     EJwards,  Butterflies 
of  North  America,  Plate  I  of  Pieris. 
Titu,  Sciidder,  l»roc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  18G1. 
Kl/io)iia,  Bois.  Lc]).  de  la  Cal.  18()1>. 

JJab. — California ;  Oregon ;  North  West  t'oa.st. 

PIERIS,  Bc'lirank. 

1.  Oleracea,  Bois.  S]iec.  (}(>n.  ."ilH.     ►Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1861. 

Harris,  Now   England  Fanner,  VIII,  402;  Ins.  Mass.  p.   213; 
Agassiz,  Lake  ISuperior,  })1.  7. 
Casta,  Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  IV,  })1.  3. 
Cnicifrrarinii,  Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  519. 

JIab. — Maine  to  Colorado ;  British  America. 

2.  Fbigida,  Scudder,  Proc.  Bowt.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1861. 

JIab. — Labrador. 

3.  Castoria,  Roakirt,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phil.  1866. 

Reseda,  Bois.  Lcp.  de  la  Cal,  186!). 

4.  Rapae,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II,  759.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  520.    Humphreys'  Brit. 

But.  pi.  5, 
Ilab. — Canada  to  Virginia. 

5.  Yreka,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliil.  1866. 

Hub. — California. 

6.  Vexosa,  Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  1861. 

NastuHii,  Bois.  Lop.  do  la  Cal.  1869. 
Hab. — California. 


SYJfoi'srs  OF  NouTir  AMrnic  Av  iit'iTi:i!Fr,rF.s. 


7.  Maroivams,  Sc'U(l(Kr,  Proc,  liost.  Sn-.  Nat.  Hist.  1801. 

Huh. — Calitbniiu;  ({ulCuf  (teorgia. 

8.  Pallida,  Soiuhlor,  Phk-.  Post.  8oc.  Nat.  Hist.  1801. 

Jlicrulin,  Jioirf.  Ix.'i».  (le  lu  C'al.  LSOii. 
Hub. — Gulf  of  Georgia. 

9.  pROTODK-i;,  Poi.s.  &  Li-c.  pi.  17.     Pois.  ^^wc.  Goii.  'AW.    Scuadur,  Proc  Post. 

Hoc.  Nat.  Hist.  18(;j. 

//a/,.— -.Southern,  .Middle  nwA  Western  States;  Colorado;  Califoruiu. 

10.  OcciDKXTALts,  Ueakirt,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  IMdl.  18(;<i. 

llab. — Culoradi);  California. 

11.  SlSYMliui,  Poisduval,  Ann.  Knt.  Soe.  Fr.  l,S,')i!, 

ILib. — California. 

VI.  Vkk.valis,  E.hvards.  Proc.  Knt.  Sue.  Cldl.  1804;  Puttorflies  of  North  Amer- 
ica, Plate  H  of  IMcris. 
Hub. — New  Jersi'v;   West  Virginia;  Missouri;  Colorado. 

13.  Beckerii,  Edwards,  l?ntterflies  of  North  America,  Plate  I  of  Pieris. 

ILib. — Nevada. 

14.  MoxusTE,  Linn.  Mus.  Lud.  Ulric.  p.  2:57.     Fabi,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  470.     Godart, 

Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  141.     Pois.  8pec.  Gen.  I,  p.  4'J"». 
Clcomes,  Pois.  &  Lee.  \\  43,  \A.  IC). 
Orscis,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  1  II, 
Hab. — Southern  States, 

NATHALIS,  Poisduval. 
1.  loLE,  Poisduval,  S]>ec.  Gen.  I,  p.  58i). 

Var.  Jrnir,  Fiu-h,  ',\\\\  New  York  Report,  ]).  107. 
Hab. — Missouri  to  Texas;  Colorado. 

ANTHOCARIS,  Poisduval. 

1.  Gexutia,  Fabricins,  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  1,  1!)3.     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  108 

Pois.  Spec.  Gen.  1.  505. 
$  X'^w«/«ov7,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  108. 

Hab. — New  York  to  Virginia;  Western  States;  Texas. 

2.  Credsa   Donhloday,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  7. 

Hab. — liockv  Mountains. 


w 

v^-^ 


I  li 


m 


.  5  '. 


.  I 


Hi ' 


6 


HYXOI'HIS   <)l'    NdllTII    AMKIUCAN    lUTTKUri.l  i;s. 


15.  Ai.'.soN'iDKs,  I?(»is(liiviil.  (ill  (l('s('ri|iti<m  of  A.  >»ir(t.)   Aim.  ICiit.  Sdc.  Vr.  1S")2. 
K.lwiinis,  I'loc.  Kilt.  Sue.  IMiil.  18()3. 
//>i/). — ( 'iilifonii;!  ;  ( 'ulonida. 

4.  liANcicol.ATA,  niiisdiiviil,  Ann.  Sue.  lint.  Vv.  \H')'2. 
Kdu'drd.^ii,  Iltlir,  TiiinM.  Am.  Kiit.  Soc.  l.SdS). 
JIttli. — Ctilit'oriiia. 

T).  »Sai!A,  Hoiwdiiviil.   .\nn.  Sdc.   Knt.    I'r.    l.S,")'J.      Ivlwanls,  I{uttt'r(li<'s  of  North 
Amcririi,  I'latc  11  of  AntliocariH. 
ll<tl). — Ciiliforiiia. 

n.  rooPKRII,  Belli-,  Trans.  .\iii.  l]nt.  Soc.  ISCJJ.       Kdwanlf^,  IJiittcrllioH  of  North 
Aiiitrica,  I'latc  1  of  Antliocari.-t. 
Aiif/r/iiia,  Bois.  Lc|).  dc  la  Cal.  liSCi!). 
//f//>. — San  Diogo,  Califurnia. 

CALLIDIIVAS,  JJoisd. 

1.  AitGAXTK,  Fal)r.  Syst.  Eiit.  j).  470;  Knt.  Syst.  Ill,  1,  181).     Godart,  Enc.  Muth. 

IX,  |..  U2.     IJok  Spec.  (Jfii.  I,  C.l'L*. 
(?.  Jlfrsi/lii,  ("lamcr,  pi.  17'>. 
$.  Ci/j>r!s,  CrainiT,  pi.  UU. 
$.  t'liidiu,  Gudait,  I'Jic.  Mt'th.  IX,  p,  03, 
Hub. — 'JV.xaH ;  Florida. 

2.  Cypuis,  Fabr.  Knt.  Syst.   Ill,  1,212.     Godart,  Enc.  Moth.  IX,  p.  01.     B 


ois. 


poc 


(icii.  I,  I).  ('.2;}. 


Iftih. — New  Mexico. 

3.  EuBULE,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II,  p.  704.     Fahr.  Syst.  Ent.  j).  477;  Ent.  Syst.  Ill, 

1,  200.     Cranior,  pi.  120.     Abbot,  Ins.  Geo.  [d.  5.     Boils.  Sjiec. 
(Jen.  I,  j».  (U3.     Bois.  &  Lee.  ]>.  74. 
Var.  f.  jSoince,  Linn.  Sy.st.  Nat.  II,  ]>.  7(»4.     Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  n.  477. 
Jfah. — Soiitliern  States;   Illinois;   Ohio;  West  Va.;  Long  Island. 

4.  Makcellixa,  C'ranier.  pi.  Ki:?.     I^ilir.  Sp.  Ins.  II,  p.  40;  Ent.  Syst.  1 1 F,  1,  200. 

Godart,  Ene.  Meth.  IX,  p.  02.     Bois.  S])OC.  Gen.  I,  p.  1515.     Bois. 


&I 


I,  id.  24. 


(X  lA'V.  p.    /-I,   I 

//«/>. — Southern  States. 

GONEITEKYX,  Leaeli. 
1.  Cloiuxdi;,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  81'}. 

lihoduccra  chrlndr,  Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  I,  oOO.  Uoubl.  (icn.  Diur.  Lcp.  p.  71. 
Hab. — New  Mexico. 


MYNOl'SI.S   (It-    NOUTM    AM  IIIMIA  N    III  TTl:i;l  I.I  r><. 


li.  M.i:ui:la,  Fal.r.  ISyst.  Kill.  |t.  471);  Kiit.  .Syst,  111.  1.  liTJ.     CJtMliut,  Em;.  Mttli. 
1  X.  |).  «".».      15((is,  cVi  L^^^■.  |>.  71,  [il.  So.     iioia.  irfpcc.  GcU.  1.  [u  UIKJ. 
Ju-clijjKin,  i'vmuvv,  pi.  12J). 

JI(ib. — Floiitla  ;  Texas  ;  New  Mexico. 

3.  Lyhidk,  (i<Hlart,  Enc.  Mcih.  I.\.  |..  iw. 

A'Aw/.  /ji/.iiilr,  lloit).  S|H!c.  Gen.  I.  p.  Ho:}. 
ifaA. — Texu8;  New  Mexico. 

COLIAS,  Fabri(;iu8. 

1.  EuRYDicii,  Boisduval.  Ami.  Ent.  Soc.  Vr.  lHo2,  p.  32.     Eilwanlri,  IJutterllien  of 

Xortli  America,  pi.  V  mI"  ( '(»lia.-*. 
Woxnrmtiski,  Monetrie.'^,  Cat.  -\    nl.  J^ci.  St.  Peters) jiir;;.  18oo 
'i'.  li/ifitloc( r>i  Jjiin/iinii!,  I'ois    .\i  ii.  Ent  Soc.  l''r.  hS.">li. 
y/a/>. — ( "aliloriiia  ;  Oir^^jii. 

2.  C.ESo.MA,  Stoll.  Su[)pl.  Cramer,   pi.  II,     Goilart,  Eiic.  Metli.  IX.  p.  98.     J5ois. 

iSi  J  .ee.  p.  (')7,  pi.  "J'J.       IJni  ,  Spec*.  ( iell.  I.  p.  OoO. 
JIii/i. — Soutlierii  ami  W  esimi  States. 

3.  EiTiiYnir.Mi;,  JJnis.  Ann.  i-jit.  Soc.    Fr.  isr)2.     Edwards,  Butterllies  of  North 

.\mcrica,  pi.  Ill  of  Colias. 
Var.  At>i/)/u(lii.'<a,  Hois.  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.   I'r.  IS.l'J. 

U(lui«i,\.\r.  ('ti/l/ornicd,  Mciietries.  Cat.  .Vcad.  Sci.  St.  IVtcrsburg,  l.S.V). 
JId/,. — Soiitlieni,  Western  ami  Pacific  State.s. 

4.  Keewaydix,  Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi.  IV  of  Cidia.-^. 

JI<(/). — Southern,  Western  and  I'acilic  Stales ;  occasional  in  Middle 
States  and  Canada. 

5.  Christina,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  ISO:};  Butterflies  of  North  America, 

pi.  II  of  Colias. 
ir<if>. — Great  Slave  T^ake. 


I 


6.  Ariadne,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc  Phil.  1870. 

Jfdft. — Oregon. 

7.  Hecla,  Lefebvre,  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Fr.  1  S.",r.,  p.  383. 


ffah. — Disco  Island;  Cireeuland. 


m 


H  SYNOI'HIS   OF   NOUTII    AMliUICAN    UUTTKUFLIES. 

8.  Bt)OTHii,  Curtis,  Appendix  Ross'  Arctic  Exi)lorations,  Nat.  Hist.  pi.  A  p.  65. 

Var.  Chione,  Curtis.  Ross'  Arc.  Exp.  j).  0(5. 
Hub. — Boreal  America. 

9.  OcciDEXTALis,  Fcudder,  Proe.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1862. 

Hub. — Gulf  of  Georgia;  M'Kenzics  River. 

10.  Alexaxdua,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1863 ;  Butterflies  of  North  Am- 

erica, ])1.  I  of  Colias. 
Ilab. — Colorailo  ;  Rocky  Mountains. 

11.  Emilia,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1870. 

Ilab. — Calitbrnia. 


m^ 


11 


Si 


U 


wj;  • 


VI.  EinvAitDsii,  Bclir,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi.  VI  of  Colias. 
Hub. — Californ  ia. 

13.  PiiiLODKK,  Godart,  Enc.  Mctli.  IX.  p.  100.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  64,  pi.  21. 

Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  1.  j).  (»47. 
Var.  Anllnjalc,  lluUncr,  Zutr.  j).  807. 

Hub. — Atlantic  States  ;  Missisijipi  Valley  ;  Canada. 

14.  IxTEEioR,  Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1862. 

Ilab. — Hudson's  Bay  ;  Lake  Sui)erior. 

15.  Chippewa,  Edwards. 

Helena  (pre-occupied)  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1863.     Butterflies 
of  North  America,  })1.  I  of  Colias. 
Ilab, — Great  Slave  Lake. 

16.  ScuDDERii,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1867. 

Hab. — Colorado. 

17.  Najstes,  Bois.  Icon.  [)l.  8.     Godart,  Dupon.  Suppl.  pi.  15. 

Hub, — Labrailor. 

18.  Pal-exo,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  11,  p.  761.     Fain-.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  476;  Ent.  Syst, 

HI,  p.  207.      Esper,  Eur.  Schmett.  pi.  42.      Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  I, 
p.  64"). 
Hnb. —  Labrailor. 


& 


BLl 


SYXOPSIS    OF    NOKTIl    AMICIUCAN'    IJUTTKKl'LlliS, 


9 


19  Pelidxf,  Roisduval,  Icoiies,  pi.  8,  lSo2.     Bois.  &  Lw.   ).  0(1,  pi.  21. 
Libraihtremix,  SciuhUT,  x"''oc  JJost.  Soi'.  Nat.  Hist.  18(j2. 
llab. — Laln-iulor. 

20.  Bkiihii,  Edwards,  Proc.  Eut.  Soc.  Phil.  18(50;  Puttorflies  of  North  America, 
])1,  n  ot'Colias. 
Hah. — California  :  Yo  Somite  Mountains. 

TERIAS,  Swainson. 

1.  NiciPPE,  Cramer,  III.  ]d.  210.      Fahr.  Ent.  Syst.  TTT.  p.  208.      Godirt,  Enc. 

Moth.  IX.  p.  lO:}.    t?ay,  Am.  Ent.  II.  p.  70,  pi.  oO.     Bois.  c\:  Lee. 
p.  o'),  pi.  20.     Bois.  S])ee.  (rcn.  I.  jt.  do;'), 
JLih. — Pennsylvania  to  Gulf  of  .Mexico;  Mississijipi  Valley. 

2.  PuoTERPiA,  Fabrieius,  Hp.  Ins.  II.  p.  50;  Syst.  Ent.  ]).  478.      Godart,  Enc. 

Mcth.  IX.  p.'Ul.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  I.  p.  Go-i. 
][<th. — Texas  ;  New  Mi'xico. 

3.  Mexicaxa,  Boisdu\al,  Spec.  Gen.  I.  p.  055,  pi.  3. 

Jfih. — Texas  ;  New  ^lexieo. 

4.  MiuEA,  Menctrics,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  ^Mose.  III.  pi.  II.      Bois.  Spec.  Gen. 

I.  p.  059. 
Hah. — California  (aeeording  to  ^lenetries). 

5.  Lisa,  Boisduval,  Bois.  &  Lee.  \\  53,  pi.  10.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  I.  p.  GGl. 

Picris  smilax,  Godart,  Enc.  ^letli.  IX.  ]>.  13(). 

//(,/;.„Rhode  Island  to  Gulf  of  Mexico;  Western  States. 

G.  Delia,  Cramer.  Ins.  IV.  pi.  273.      Godart,  Enc.  Moth.  IX.  p.  137.      Bois.  & 
Lee.  p.  40,  pi,  18.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  I.  j).  G(;3. 
Hah. — Florida  to  Louisiana. 

;.  JiKTTXDA,  Boisduval,  Boi>    ;  Lee.  ]i.  52,  pi.  19.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  I.  p.  (5()5, 
Hah. — Southern  States. 

8.  Elatiiea,  Cramer,  Ins.  II.  pi.  99.      Fabr.  S]).  Ins.  II.  p,  44  ;    Ent.  Syst.  III. 
p.  19G.     Godart,  Euc.  xMeth.  IX.  p.  13G.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  I.  p. 
GG4. 
Hah. — Florida. 


„  3 


m": 


r1 


k 


i 


10 


SYNOPSIS   OP    NORTH    AMKRICAX    IH'TTERFLIES. 


"J.  rALMiUA,  Pn(>y,  Mi'iii.  Niit.  Ilist.  do  la  Isltule  Cuba,  1,  p.  24U. 
JIad. — St.  Simou's  Island,  Georgia. 

HELICONID.E. 

ITHO^riA,  Doubleday. 
1.  DiAPHANA,  Dniry,  II,  pi.  7.     Ciuiikt,  III,  pi.  2:51. 
JI(il>. — Florida;  Louisiana. 

CALLITITOMIA,  Bates. 
I.  Lycaste,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  IH,  p.  Kil.     Godart,  Enc.  Mcth.  IX,  p.  221.     Ilea- 
kirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soe.  Pliil.  LSdo. 
Jlab. — Los  Angelos,  California. 

MECHAXITIS,  Fabricius. 
1.  Californica,  Reakirt,  Proe.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1805. 
//«/». — Los  Angelos,  California. 

IIELICOXIA,  Latreille. 
1.  CuARiTONiA,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II,  j).  7o7.     Cramer,  II,  pi.  191.     Fabr.  Ent. 
Syst.  Ill,  p.   170.     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  210.     Bois.  & 
Lee.  p.  HO,  pi.  41. 
Hal). — Florida;  St.  Simon's  Island,  Georgia. 

COL.ENIS,  Iliibner. 
1.  Julia,  Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  509.     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  2. 
Alcioiicn,  Cramer,  II  I,  pi.  215. 
Mad. — Texas. 

DANAID^. 

DANAIS,  Latreille. 
1.  Arciiippus,  Cramer,  III,  pi.  20().     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  184.     Bois. 

&  J^cc.  p.  lo7,  pi.  40. 
JL'.isipj>u,'i,  Fabr.  ;Mant.  Ins.  II,  p.  27 ;  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  50. 
Nee  Archlppus,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  50, 
JIab. — From  Atlantic  to  Pacilic. 


li-i- 


SYNOPSIS   or    NORTH    AMF.UK'A.V    lU'TTlCKKI.IKS. 


11 


2.  Berenice,  Cramer,  III,  pi.  205.     Bois.  &  Leo.  ]).  KVt,  pi.  3!). 

Erippm,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  I,  p.  41).     Gudart,  Eiic.  Meth.  IX,  p.  186. 
GiUppus,  Abbot,  Ins.  Geo.  I,  ])1.  7. 

Hub. — Southern  States ;  Now  ]\[cxico ;  Colorado. 

3.  Stkigosa,  Bates,  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine,  I,  p.  32,  1864. 

Hab. — Texas. 

AGERONIDJ. 

AGEIIONIA,  Iliibner. 
1.  Feronia,  Linn.  Mus.  Uhl.  p.  283;    Syst.  Nat.  p.  770.      Drury,    I,  pi.  10. 
Cramer,  II,  j).  102.     Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  ill,  p.  22G.     Godart,  Enc. 
Meth.  IX,  p.  428. 
Hub. — Texas. 


2.  Fornax,  Hiibn.  Samnd.  Exot.  Schmett.  Doubl.  &IIeAvit.  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  10. 
Hab. — Texas. 

NYMPHAL1D.E. 

AGRAULIS,  Blanchard. 
1.  Vanilla.,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  II,  p.  787.     Cramer,  III,  ji.  212.     Fabr.  :Nrant.  Ins. 
II,  p.  64.     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  262.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  143, 
pi.  42. 
Passiflont,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  60. 
Hab. — Southern  States. 

EUPTOIETA,  Doubleday. 
1.  Claudia,  Cramer,  I,  pi.  61). 

Coluiiibina,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  148.     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  260. 
Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  lo3,  pi.  44. 
Hab. — Long  Island  to  Gulf  of  Mexico;  Mississippi  Valley;  New 
Mexico. 

ARGYNNIS,  Fabrlcius. 
1.  T>^vNA,  <?  Cramer,  pi.  98.     S  Fab.  Sp.  Ins.  p.   110;  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  145. 
<?  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.   257.     S  Say,  Am.  Ent.  I,  pi.  17. 
c?  Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  148.     ?  Edwards,  I'roc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phii.  1864; 
S  ^  Butterflies  of  North  America,  ]>1.  I  of  Argynnis. 
HaL. — West  Virginia  to  Georgia;  Arkansas. 


12 


SYXOl'SIS   OK    NORTH    AMKKICAX    lUrTTF-afKLlKH. 


ill. 


(>it<. 


,1  ;.l 
■,  i 

;    I 


il: 


2.  Idai-ia,  Drmv,  Exot.  Ins.  pi.  13.     Cnimor,  pi.  44.     Fabr.  Svst.  Eiit.  p.  510; 
Knt.  Syst.   111.  p.   14").     (Jodiirt,  Eiir.  Mctli,  IX.  j..  L'C:;.     IJois. 
and  Lee.  p.  147,  pi.  4o.     Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  2So,  1802. 
y/r//>. — Massachusc'ttei  to  Arkansas. 

:?.  Lkto,  r.("lir,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  1802.     Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North 
America,  ])1.  X  of  Ari>yiinis. 
?Cybfh;  Hois.  Lep.  de  la  ("al.  1809. 
Hah, — California ;  Oregon. 

4.  NoKOMis,  S  Edwards,  Pi-oe.  Acad.  Nat.  8ei.  Phil.  1802 ;  S  Butterflies  of  North 
America,  pi.  IV  of  Arifvnnis. 
Hah. — Bitter  Hoot  Mountains,  Montana. 

T).  Cyhklf,  Fal)r.  8yst.  Ent.  p.  ',10;  Ent.  Syst.  III.  p.  44').     Godart,  Eno.  :\reth. 
IX.  p.  2(>;).     Bois.  and  Lee.  jt.  1"»1,  j)l.  4-3.     Edwards,  Butterflies 
of  North  America,  j)l.  II  of  Argynnis. 
1  Daphne,  Cramer,  ])1.  'u. 

Hah. — Atlantic^  and  Western  States ;  Canada. 

0.  AiMUonrn;,  Fabr.  Mant.   Ins.  2,  p.  'V2;  Ent.  Syst.  111.  \^.  144.     Harris,  Ins. 
]\Iass.  p.  28"),  18()2.     Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi. 
in  of  Arjryiniis. 
Hah. — Xorthern  and  ]\Iiddle  States  ;  AVest  Virginia  ;  Canada. 

7.  Behuknsii,  Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  i)l.  XII  of  Argynnis. 

Hah. — Cape  Mendocino,  California. 

8.  Haix'YOXE,  S  Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi.  IX  of  Argynnis. 

Hah. — Colorado. 

9.  CoKOXis,  Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.   1802.     Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc. 

Phil.  18(!4. 
Juha,  Bois.  Lep.  de  la  Ca.l.  1809. 
Hah. — California. 

10.  Callipi'e,  Bois.  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Fr.  18")2.     Behr.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

1802.     Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi.  VI  of  Ar- 
gynnis. 
Hal). — California. 


SYNOPSIS   OF    XOUTH    AMEKK  AX    BUTTEKFLIES, 


18 


11.  I':dwakdsii,  Roaklrt,  Proc.  Eiit.  Soo.  Pliil.  1800.     Edwards,  Butterflies  of 

North  Aiucrica,  \)\.  XI  of  Arii;yiiiiis. 
Hab- — Coloi-ado ;  Kocky  Mountains. 

12.  Nevadensis,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870 ;  Ikittorllies  of  Xorth  Am- 

orii-a.  pi.  XIV  of  Argyaiiis. 
I/nl). — Nevada. 

13.  Atlaxtis,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Phil.  18(;2 ;  J^utterflies  of  Nortli 

Anu'riea,  pi.  V  of  Arsj^ynnis. 
JM. — Catskill  Mountains ;  Whito  :Mountains ;  Nova  Scotia ;  Jiritish 
America. 

14.  RuPESTUis,  Eohr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  18(;2,  18(;3. 

Ila/j. — Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

lo.  :Mox'rivA(}A,  Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  1862,  18G3. 
£(/lei.%  Bois.  Lcp.  de  la  Cal.  180'J 
Ila/j. — Califi)rnia. 

16.  AsTAHTE,  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diur.  Lcp.  pi.  23 ;  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc  Phil 

1862. 
Hal). — California, 

17.  Zerexe,   Bois.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  do  Fi-.  18.V2.     Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  xVcad.  Nat. 

Sei.  1862,  186;].      Eilwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi. 
XIII  of  Argynnis. 
Hydaspes,  Bois.  Lep.  de  la  Cal.  1869. 
Hah. — California. 

18.  MoxTicoLA,  Belir,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  1862,  1863,     Edwards,  Butter- 

flies of  North  America,  pi.  VI 11  of  Argynnis. 
Zerenc,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  Fr.  18.32. 
Hah. — California ;  Oregon. 

19.  Hespekis,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1864;  Butterflies  of  North  America, 

pi.  VII  of  Argynnis. 
Hah. — Colorado. 

20.  Adiante,  Bois.  Lep.  de  la  Cal.  1869.     Behr  (without  name),  Proc.  Cal.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sei.  1862. 
Hah. — California. 


I   : 


I 


i, 


IP 

If  1  m 

■i  1    i 

;•  i! 


if 


til  i 


14  SYNOI'SIS    OK    .NOUTII    A.MintlCA.N    Ill'TTKUI'M  KS. 

21.  MvuiNA,  Criiiiior,  |)1.  IS!).     Fabr.  8p.  Tns.  p.  KK);    Ent.  Svst.  HI,]*.   14.'). 

Say,  Am.  Knt.  \A.  ir>.     Kirhy,  Faumi  Jior.  IV.  [k  2!)().     ilarri.s, 
Jus.  :Mass.  J..  2.S(;,  1,S(>2. 
jri/rlssa,  (Jolart,  Eiic.  Mctli.  IX,]..  2(')S. 

Jf(i/j. — Xortlic'Mi  Stall's;  Canada;  Calitoriiia. 

22.  MoxTiNL-.s,  SiMiddcr,  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  18(;;5;  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  18G3. 

J  fa/). — Wliiti!  Mountains. 

2;*..  :MoiMiisii,  Roakirt,  Pnu-.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phil.  18G0. 
Jfi'/). — Oregon. 

24.  Tkki.axis,  Ilnhncr,  Exot.  Scliinett.     iMoseld'-r,  Wein  Ent.  Monat.  18GG. 
O-inianiis,  liois.  Jcones  ])l.  11>.     Bi>is.  &  Lee.  p.  1  ")7. 
Jftf). — Labrador;  Fort  Simpson;  Boreal  Anieriea. 

2.'),  FuKUiA,  Tlumberg,  Dissert.  IF.  j..  47.     Moseliler,  Wein.  Ent.  Monat.  18GG. 
Jfii/i. — Labrador. 

2G.  PoLAurs,  Boisdiival,  Teones  ])1.   20.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  lo9.     ^loschler,  Wein. 

Ent.  Monat.  ISGG. 
Jfd/). — Labrador. 

27.  Frkya.  Esper.  Eur.  Selimett  ]A.  109.     Godart,  Ene.  :\reth.  IX.  p.  273.     Bois. 

leones,    pi.   111.     Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  p.  oUl.     ^losehJer,  Wein. 
Ent.  Monat.  18GG. . 
Ilafj. — Labrador. 

28.  CiiAUicLEA,  Herbst.  pi.  272.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  IGl.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  j).  11. 

II(dj. — Labrador;  ITudsons  Bay. 

29.  BoisDUVALii,  Sommer,  Bois.  L'ones  pi.  20. 

JIaf). — Labrador;  lludsons  Bay;  Boreal  America. 

30.  Ni:no(juis,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Aead.  Nat.  Sei.  Phil.  18G6. 

Mormo/ii'i,  JJnisdnval,  Ia'J).  de  la  Cal.  18G9. 
JJ(i/>. — Uoeky  ^Mountains  ;  Oregon. 

31.  Bkllona,  Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  517.     Godart,  Enc.  iMeth.  IX.  p.  271.     Bois.  & 

Lee.  ]).  1G4,  pi.  45.     Harris,  Ins.  .Alass.  ]i.  287,  18G2. 
Mud. — Northern  States ;  Canada ;  Calil'oruia. 


PYNOPSia   OP   NORTH   AlIKUICAN   BUTTEKFLIKS. 


15 


32.  Epithore,  Bois.,  Edwards,  Proc.  Eiit.  Soc.  Phil.   1804.      Bois.  Lep.  de  la 
Cal.  18G9. 
Ilab. — California. 


33.  BiscHOFFii,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 
Hal). — Aliaska. 

MELTT.EA,  Fabricius. 
Group  1. 

1.  Phaetox,  Drury,  Exot.  Ins,  I.  pi.  21.     Cramo-,  pi.  183.     Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p. 

481.     Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  46.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  IGG,  pi.  47.     Har- 
ris, Ins.  Mass.  p.  288, 18G2. 
Phaetonlca,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  288. 

Ilab. — Eastern  and  Middle  States ;  West  Virginia. 

2.  Chalcedon,  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  23.     Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc. 

Phil.  18G2.     Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi.  I  of  Melita'a. 
Ilab. — California ;  Oregon ;  Colorado  (Keakirt). 

3.  CooPERii,  Bohr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Kat.  Sci.  18G3. 

Ilab. — California. 

4.  AxiciA,  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  23.     Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil. 

18G2.     Bois.  Lep.  de  la  Cal.  18G0. 
Hab. — Rocky  Mountains ;  Nevada ;  California. 

5.  Editha,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852. 

Anicia,  Boisduval,  Lep.  de  la  Cal.  18(59. 
Hab. — Vicinity  of  Sau  Francisco. 

6.  Sterope,  Edwards,  Trans,  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Ilab. — Oregon. 

7.  Helvia,  Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  18G9. 

Hab. — Aliaska. 

8.  QuiNO,  Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18G3. 

Hab. — Southern  California. 

9.  NuBiGENA,  Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18G3. 

Hab. — Tuolumne  River,  California. 


IG 


SYNOl'SIS  Ol    NOllTU    AMKUIC'AX   BUTTERFLlia. 


^    i    < 


Group  II. 

10.  Leanika,  Folder.  Lop.  Frag.  AVoiii.  1859.     Bolir,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

lcS()3.    IJoi.^.  Lop.  do  la  Cal.  18fi9. 
Ilab. — Yo  Semite,  Contra  Costa,  Culifbruia. 

11.  TiiKKLA,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soo.  1870. 

Hub. — iSouthcrn  California. 

12.  TiiEoxA,  Monetrios,  Enum.  Corp.  Anim.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  1,  p.  86,  pi.  2. 

Huh, — Southern  California. 

Group  III 

13.  Palla,  IJois.  Ann.  See.  Ent.  Fr.  IH-l'J.    Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18G3. 

Hah. — Vicinity  of  San  Francisco. 

14.  WiiiTXEYii,  r.olir,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  180;]. 

Hub. — Tuolumne  Iliver,  Lake  Talioe,  California. 

15.  Gaiuui,  P>elir,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18G3. 

Sonone,  Bois.  Lop.  de  la  Cal.  18G9. 
Hah. — Los  Angelos,  California. 

IG.  HoFFMANxr,  Bolir,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18G3. 
HclcUa,  Boi- .  Lop.  de  la  Cal.  18G9. 

Ilab. — Lake  Telioe,  California  ;  Nevada. 

Group  IV. 

17.  MiNUTA,  Edwards,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  18G1. 

Ilab. — Texas. 

18.  Akachxe,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  18G9. 

Fola,  Bois.  Lep.  de  la  Cal.  18G9. 
Hab. — Colorado. 

PIIYCIODES.IIubner. 

1.  Harrisii,  Scuddor.  Proc.  Essex.  Ins.  18G3. 

Ismcria,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  288,  18G2.    fismeria,  Bois.  <fc  Lee.  p.  168, 
pi.  46. 
Ilab. — Eastern  and  Middle  States  ;  Miss.  Valley. 

2.  Nycteis,  Doubleday,  Gen.  Di.  Lep.  pi.  23. 

(Enone,  Scudder,  Proc.  Essex.  Ins.  1863. 

Hab. — Eastern  and  Middle  States ;  Missouri ;  Colorado. 


Wr 


I  il 


SYNOPSIS   OF    NORTH    AMKRICAN    IJUTTKUFI.IES. 


17 


Cl. 


8, 


8.  Carlota,  rvcakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  rial.  18(57. 

Kyctels,  Edwards,  Proc.  Aciul.  Nut.  Sci,  Phil.  18(51. 
l[,(h. — West  Yirj^iinia  to  Missouri ;  Colorado. 

4.  Packakdii,  Saunders,  Packard's  Guide,  \\  2oO,  18G".). 
Ilah. — (Jrimsl)v,  Canada. 

6.  TuAROS,  Bois.  &  Lee.  ]i.  170,  pi.  47.  (Xot  of  Cramer,  nor  of  Drnry,  vide  Edw. 
Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  18G8.)     Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  ]).  289,  18(52. 
7/-„/,._N„rthern.  Middle,  Eastern  States ;  ^Eiss.  Valley  ;  Colorado. 

6.  PiiAox,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1804. 

?  Tharos,  Urury  and  Cramer. 

JIa/j. — Georgia  to  Louisiana. 

7.  Maucia,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1868. 

^  Tharo.%  Drury  and  Cramer. 

Jlab. — ]\Iiddle  and  Eastern  States. 

8.  Batesii,  Keakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G5. 

Jfab. — Virginia;  West  Virginia. 

9.  Montana,  Bchr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Si-i.  18G3. 

Hab. — Lake  Tehoe,  California. 

10.  Mata,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G7. 

Jlab. — Colorado. 

11.  Pallida,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1864  ; 

Jlab. — Kansas;  Texas.  •     • 

12.  Texana,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G3. 

JJab. — Texas. 

13.  PiCTA,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1804. 

Jlab. — Nebraska;  Colorado. 

14.  Mylitta,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1861, 

Collinsia,  Behr,  Proc.  C-j1.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18G3. 
Collina,  Bois.  Lep.  de  la  Cal.  1869. 
Jlab. — California. 


'il'l, 


IH 


SYNOl'rtlS   OK    NOKTir    AMI'.KICA.V    m"rTi;UFL,UM. 


lo.  l*UATi;xsis,  Hclir,  I'roc.  Cal.  Acnd.  Xat.  Sri.  IHO;]. 
J'Jim/d,  ]{()is..  I.ci>.  (Ic;  lii  Cal.  ISiil). 
$,  OivipcKtrin,  Ik'lir,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  18G3. 
Jlal). — Caliiornia. 

IG.  OusA,  Boisduval,  l.c)).  dc;  la  Cal.  18(J9. 
JIa/j. — Caliiornia. 

17.  Vesta,  Edwards,  Trau.^.  Am.  Ent.  8oc.  1809. 
JIab. — Waco,  Texas. 

ERE8IA,  Doubloday. 

1.  CixcTA,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1804. 

JIab.— Texan. 

2.  PuNX'TATA,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  I'hit.  Soc.  1870. 

JIab, — New  ^Mexico. 

SYNCHEOE,  Boisduval. 

1.  Jaxais,  Drury,   Ins.  Ill,  pi.  17.     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  392. 

Ilab. — Texas. 

2.  Sauxdeksh,  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diur.  Lop.  pi.  24. 

//<//>.— Texas. 

3.  Erodyle,  Bates,  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine,  I.  p.  84,  18G4. 

Ilab. — Texas. 

4.  Lacikia,  Ilubner,  Zutrage,  f.  899. 

Ilab. — A\'aco,  Texas. 

CYSTIXEURA,  Boisduval. 
DoucAs,  Eabr.,  Syst.  Ent.  j).  oOS,  (177o). 

Mardania,  Cramer,  pi.  213,  (1782).  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  31. 
Ifer.vl!a,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  III.  p.  247,  (1793). 
JIab. — Waco,  Texas. 


*';i 


BYNOPSISI   OF     NOIITII    AHKRICAN    ntTTTF.RFr.fKS. 


19 


GRAPTA,  Doubloduy. 

1.  I\TKitK()(;ATt()Ni.s,  Fiiln-icius. 

Var.  imliro.vi,  Lintncr,  Tnms.  Am.  Kiit,  Soc.  ISO'J,  p.  ;u:5;   1870,  p.  197. 
Kclwanls,  JJuttorflk's  ofXoitli  America,    Plate  IV  of  (Jnvpta. 
Intcrroffat!o,ns,¥iihr.9,i^ni)]A.]).42\.     (iodart,  Eiic.  Alctli.  IX,  p.  302. 

IlarriH,  \m.  ^hi^n.  Ed.  l.Sr>2,  p.  2\)H,  (text,  iint  plate.) 
Caureum,  Ciamer,  ,f,  pi.  19.     Fabr.  ,f,  Sp.  Ins.  p.  9-1.     Abbot,  ,f,  liis.  (}a. 
1)1.11.     Ilnbiier,  Exot.  .Sohiiu'tt.  ir,  cfr.     P.ois.  et  Lee.  ,(,  pi.  r,l. 
Var.  Fahricii,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.   Ent.  Woe.  1870,   p.   o  ;    Butterllies  of 
North  Aniorica,  Plate  Vof/jrapta. 
Intcrroyafionix,  Harris,  v.  Ins.  ^Nfass.  Ed.  l8-")2,  plate.    Lintner,  Trans.  Am. 
Ent.  Soc.  1809,  p.  31,');  1870,  p.  197. 
lldl). — Eastern  United  States ;  Canada. 

2.  DiiYAs,  J':dwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870;    Butterflies  of  North  America, 

Plate  TIE  of  Grapta. 
Hah. — West  Virginia;  New  York. 

3.  Comma,  Harris,  Tn^.  :\rass.  1st  Ed.  p.  221;  2d  Ed.  p.  800,  p],  4.     Edwards,  But- 

terflies of  North  America,  Plate  11  of  Gra2)ta. 
Hal). — Eastern  United  States ;  Canada. 

4.  Satyrds,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1809;  Butterflies  of  North  America, 

Plate  VI  of  Grapta. 
Ilah. — Rocky  Mountains;  Colorado;  California;  Oregon. 

5.  ;Maksyas,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Hah. — California. 

6.  Faunus,  Edwards,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1802;  Butterflies  of  Nortli  Am- 

erica, llate  I  of  Grapta. 
i/"»/>.— Catskill  ^Mountains;  White  Mountains;  Canada. 

7.  Hylas,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1872. 

Hub. — Colorado. 

8.  OuEAS,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1809. 

Cal/jiim,,  Behr.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1803. 
Hal). — California. 

9.  Pkogne,  Cramer,  pi.  h.      Fabr.  Gen.  Ins.  p.  204.     Godart,  Enc.  Mcth.  IX.  p. 

304    Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  188,  j)!.  50.   Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  801, 1862. 
G argenteum,  Kirby,  Faun.  Bor.  Am.  IV,  p.  294. 
Hab. — Northern  and  Western  States;  Canada. 


I  I 


I 


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1  i  i , ' 


.1 1\ 


■M 


l:\ 


IMt 


liO 


HYNOl'SIM   Ol"    .NOKTll    AM  KKK'A.N    m;TTi:Kl'I.U'.M. 


10.  (lUvciLW,  (iroto  &  llol.iiison,  Ami.  Lye.  XmI.  Hist,  X.  V.  18(J7. 

Jfnfi. — Wliiti!  Mouiitiiiiis, 

11.  /Kl'iiYurs,  Ivhvards,  'rrniis.  ,\m.  ICiit.  Sue.  1S7(), 

Ilaf). — Ciilit'oriiiii;  Orogon;   Rocky  MtH. 

12.  SiLEMis,  Edwards,  Tnins.  Am.  Knt.  Hoi-.  1870. 

Ifd/). — Orcjion. 

VAN  less  A,  FiihriciuH. 

1.  iV.\Tioi'A,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  U.  p.  77(5.  Fal.r.  Syst.  Ent.  \\  rm-,  Ent.  Ryst.  IIT,  p. 

lir).*Espor.  Enr.  Sclnnclt.  j)!.  li  (lodart,  Enc.  .Mcth.  LX.,]).  -^OH. 
liois.  &  hvv.  ]).  17:5.  IhmU,  Ins.  lAInss.  p.  2l)G,  lcS(J2. 
LintiicrU  (var.)  Fitcli,  T)  vul.  X.  Y.  Ivcports. 

JIafj. — rnileil  States,  J>ritisli  Anu-ncu,  Yukuu  Kiver. 

2.  Calipounk'a,  P>()is.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  (U;  Fr.  1852. 

Jf((ij, — Calit'ornia ;  Oregon. 

;i.  MiLUicuTir,  (iodart,  Ene.  Metli.  IX,  j).  ;5()7,  liois.  &  Lcc.  p.  187.  pi.  50.  Harris, 
Ins.  .Mass.  ]).  ;5(»2,  Lsc.L'. 
Furcillaln,  Say,  Am.  JOnt.  11,  pi.  27. 

i/«/>. — Northern  ami  Western  States;  California;  British  Am. 

4.  J-ALBUM,  IJois.  it  Lee.  p.  IS."),  pi.  ,-)().   Harris,  Ins.  M-iss.  p.  2i)8,  18G2. 
ILib. — Northern  States;  Jjrilish  Am. 

PYRA:\rErS,  iruhner. 

1.  HUNTEBA,  Drury,  Ins.  I,  ])1.  ">.     Fahr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  491);    Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p. 

104.  Abhot,  Ins.  Ga.pl.l).  (iodart,  Enc.  Moth.  IX.  i).  o24.  liois. 
&  Lee.  p.  180,  ])!.  IS.  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.]).  2U2,  1SG2. 
Ilah. — U.  S.,  Atlantic  to  raeiiic ;  Drit.  Am. 

2.  Cabdui,  Linn.  Sy.st.  Nat.  2,  p.  274.    Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  \>.  490  ;  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p. 

104.  Godart.  P^nc.  j\[eth.  IX.  p.  32o.  Bo'.d.  «&  Lcc.  p.  178.  Harris, 
Ins.  :Mass.  p.  291,  1S(;2. 
Ilah. — U.  S.,  Atlantic  to  Paeilie;  Brit.  Am. 

3.  Caiiyi:,  Ilubner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmctt.  1806. 

JIab. — Culiforuia. 


ihl; 


aiL- 


■^ 


HYNOI'HIH    ur    Xoltlll    AMIKK    \\     lU  TTMtll.I  IX 


21 


4.  ATALANTA.Linii.Syst.  Nat.  t>,  {..  77'J.   Fal.r.Syst.  Ki.t. ,,..-.(» I;  Knt.Svst.  1 1 1,  p. 
118.  Godurt,  Eiic.  Mcth.  IX.  ]..  :;ii).  ]{ui«.  Si  Lcc.  i..  17J.   llurriH, 
IiiH.  M11S.X.  J).  L'!»t,  18(12, 
Hah.—V.  H.,  Atlantic  to  I'iicilic;  Brit.  Am. 

JUXOXIA,  Hiilmor. 
Lavinia,  rramor,  pi.  21.  Harris,  Ins.  Ala.^s.  p.  -JlKJ,  l.St)2. 
Fllrhv,  VAn:  ICnf.  Syst.  1 1 1,  p.  !H). 
Orlthya,  Alihot,  Ins.  (la.  pi.  8. 
Cccn'm,  Hois.  A  L<r.  p.  ISl*.  pi.  40. 

7/;//>.— Southern  and  Western  Statos;  occa.si()nul  inN.  Y.;  Culilbrniu. 

AXAKTIA,  Hul.ner. 
Jatroimiak,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  2,  j..  770.  Cran.er.  pi.  202.    Fab.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  493; 
Ent.  Syst.  lir,  J).  08.     Godart,  i:nc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  207. 
Hub. — Texaa. 

s:\rYrvXA,  Westwood. 

Kabwinski,  Geyer  in  Ilubner,  Saniinl.  Exot.  Schmutt.  III.     Doubleday.  Gen 

\y\\\V.  Lep,  J)l.  Ai\,  flir.  2. 

Hub. — Texas ;  Xew  Mexico. 

VICTOmXA,  Blaneluird. 
Stelexes,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  2,  7.-,().  Cramer,  j.l.  71  >.  Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  45G,  Ent. 
Syst.  Ill,  p.  84.    Lucas,  Pap.  Exot.  ].l.  70. 
Lavinia,  Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  450;  Ent.  Syat.  Ill,  p.  22. 
llab. — Xew  Mexico. 

EUREMA,  Ilubner. 
Lethe,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  80.    Ilubner,  Saniml.  Exot.  Sclimett.  II,  pi.  2G. 
Hab. — Texas;  Xew  Mexico. 

CYBDELIS,  Doubleday. 
Hyperipte,  Hubnor,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmctt.  ISOO. 
Hab. — Florida. 

TLAIETES,  AVestwood. 
1.  CoRESiA,  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  JI.  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1862. 
Zerynthia,  Ilubner,  Samnd.  Exot.  Scluuett.  IL 
Hab. — Texa^j;  Xew  Mexico. 


1 


i 


i    ! 


I 


i ::; 


if  I  n 


'i  «rj 


!:1^  !' 


'  f'l 


i 


! 


M 


If 


•22 


SYXOPSIS   OF   NOIiTII    AMKItlCAN   BUXII  I!l  LJKS. 


2.  Elkuciia,  Ilubnor.  Samml.  Exot.  Sclun,  II.    Doubleilay,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  33. 

JIab. — Florida  (Apaluchicuhi) 

3.  Petueus,  Cramer,  pi.  87.   Es^ier.  Ausl.  pi.  58. 

Hab. — Xew  Mexico. 

CALLICOEE,  Hubner. 
CiiYMENA,  Cramer,  pi.  24.     Fabr.  Sp.  Ins.  p.  53;  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  43.    Lucas, 
Pap.  Exot.  pi.  72. 
Hhb. — Florida. 

LIMEXITIS,  Fabricius. 

1.  Aethemis,  Drury,  Ins.  ii,  pi.  10.     Say,  Am.  Ent.  pi.  23.    Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  202, 

pi.  54.   Harris,  Ins.  ^Nlass.  p.  283,  pi.  1.  18G2. 
Lamina,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  118.     Godart,  Eiic.  Meth.  IX.  p.  580. 
JIab. — Northern  States ;  British  Am.;  Fort  Sinij)son, 

2.  "VVeidemeyerii,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1861 ;  Butterflies  of  North 

America,  pi.  2  of  Limenitis. 
Ilab. — Colorado,  Rocky  Mts. 

3.  Proserpina,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soe.  Phil.  1865;  Trans,  Am.  Ent.  See.  1867. 

Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi.  1  of  Limenitis. 
Hob. — Catskill  Mts.;  White  Mts.;  Nova  Scotia;  Canada. 

4.  Ursula,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  82.    Abbot,  Ins.  Geo.  j^l.  10.    Godart,  Enc. 

Meth.  IX.  p.  380.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  199,  pi.  53. 
Astyannx,  Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  447. 
Ephestion,  Stoll.  Supp.  pi.  25.     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX.  p.  42.     Harris, 

Ins.  Mass.  p.  283,  1862. 
Hab. — Atlantic  and  Southern  States;   ]Miss.  Valley;  Canada. 

5.  LoRQUixii,  Bois.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852.    Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North 

America,  pi.  3  of  Limenitis. 
Hab. — California. 

6.  :Misipptts,  Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  481 ;   Ent.  Syst.  III.  p.  50. 

Dmipm,  Godart,  Enc.  JNleth.  IX.  j).  393.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  204,  pi.  55. 
Harris,  Ins.  :Mass.  p.  281,  1862. 
Hah. — U.  S.,  Alantic  to  Pacific;  Canada. 


life, 


SYNOPSIS   OF   NOKTH   AAIKUICAX   IIUTTKKFLIES. 


23 


7.  Califorxica,  Butler,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1805. 

Eulalia,  Bois.  Ann.  Hoc.  Ent.  ¥y.  1852.  (not  of  Doublcday.) 
Bredowii,  Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi.  4  of  Limenitis,  (not 
of  Hubner.) 
Hub. — California. 

APATURA,  Fabricius. 

1.  Celtis,  Bois.  &  Loc.  p.  210,  pi.  57. 

Hub. — Virginia  to  Florida ;  Western  States. 

2.  Idyia,  Hubner,  Exot.  Sclimett. 

Hab. — Texas;  Indian  Territory. 

3.  CiA'TON,  Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  208,  pi.  56. 

Hab. — Southern  and  Western  States;  occasional  in  New  York. 

4.  Alicia,  Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi.  1  of  Apatura. 

Hab. — Southern  States;  Texas. 

5.  Proserpina,  Scuddcr,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1869. 

Hab. — Iowa. 

MEGISTANIS,  Westwood. 
AcHEROXTA,  Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  501.  (1775j;  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  76. 
Cadmus,  Cramer,  pi.  22.  (177!>.) 
Hah. — Texas;  New  Mexico. 

AGANISTHOS,  Boisduval. 
Orion,  Fabr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  485;  Ent,  Syst.  Ill,  p.  B6.  Godart,  Euc.  Meth.  IX.  p. 
308.   Bois.  Sz  Lee.  p.  li»5,  pi.  52. 
Odlus,  Fubr.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  457- 
Danae,  Cramer,  pi.  84. 
//rti.— Florida. 

PAPHIA,  Westwood. 
Glycerium,  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep,  ])1.  50.     Riley,  Am.  Entomologist,  Feb 
1870.    Edwards,  Butterflies  of  North  America,  plate. 
Hab. — Illinois  to  Kansas;  Texas. 


I 


2i 


SYNOrsiS   OF    XOUTII    AMEUICAX    I5UTTKRFLIKS. 


LIBYTHEID/E. 

LIBYTIIEA,  Fabridus. 

1.  Caeinenta,  Cramer,  II,  pi.  108.     Fab.  Sp.  Ins.  p.  104;  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  139. 

Hub. — New  Mexico;  Arizona. 

2.  MoTYA,  Boisduval  &  Lcconte,  ])1.  04. 

Iliib, — Southern  States. 

3.  BACHMAXxrr,  Kirtland,  Silliinan's  Journal,  XIII,  now  .series,  p.  336. 

llab. — Middle  and  AV'esteru  States. 

SATYRID.E. 

EUPTYCIIIA,  Ilubuer. 

1.  EuRYTUS,  Fab.  Syst.  Ent.  p.  :87. 

Eurytris,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  157.     Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  306,  1862. 
Eurylhris,  (Jodart,  Eue.  Meth.  IX,  pp.  4Go,  495.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  01. 
Ci/mcla,  Cramer,  \A.  1  '•)'!. 
VyihcUa,  llubner,  Verz.  Bek.  Sclimett.  ji.  54. 

Hab. — Atlantic,  Southern  and  Western  States  ;  Canada. 

2.  SosYBirs,    Fab.  Ent.   Syst.  Ill,  p  21'.).      Godait,   Enc.   Meth.   IX,  pp.  465, 

495.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  03. 
Hub. — Middle,  Sout'-eru  and  AVestern  States. 

3.  RuBTUCATA,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hab. — AVaco,  Texas. 

4.  Aeeolata,  Abbot,  Ins.  Ga.  pi.  1:5.     Godart,  Enc.  IMeth.  IX,  pp.  464,  494. 

Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  03. 
Hab. — Southern  States;  Morristown,  X.  J.  (^^ Julius  Meyer.) 

5.  Gemma,  Hubner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  ]il.  7.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  62. 

Hab. — "West  Va. ;  Southern  States. 

CCENONYMPHA.  Hubner. 
1.  Pampiiiloides,  Roakiit,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Pliil.  1806. 
Hab. — Colorado. 


xNORXATA,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1801. 

Hab. — Lake  Winnineg;  West  Coast;  Vancouver's  Island. 


SYNOPSIS    OF   NOUTU    AMKUK'A.N    JiUTTEUFLIKS. 


25 


3.  Californica,  Westwood  &  Hewitson,  Goii.  Diur.  Lep.  p.  398,  pi.  07.  Boisdu- 

-      val,  Ann.  See.  Ent.  Fr.  18G2. 
Var.  Ceres,  Butler,  Ent.  Month.  ]Vla«;.  18G6. 
Hab. — California. 

4.  OcHRACEA,  Edward.s  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1861. 

Hub. — Lake  Winnipeg;  California;  Kansa.s. 

5.  Ampelos,  Edwai-ds,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hab. — Oregon. 

6.  Galactina,  Boisdiival,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  18o2. 

Hab. — California. 

7.  KoDiAK,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Hab. — Kodiak. 

8.  Brexda,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Hab. — Los  Angelos,  California. 

SATYRUS,  Westwood. 

1.  Pegala,  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  41»4 ;  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  230.     Godart,  Enc, 

Meth.   IX,  p.  o24.     Westwood,  (icn.   Diur.   Lej).  p.  392.     Ed- 
wards, Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1800. 
i/«i?i.— Gulf  States. 

2.  Alope,  Fabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  HI,  p.  229.      Godart,  Enc.  Meth.   IX,  p.  524. 

Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  228,  pi.  59.     Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  305,  1802. 
Hab. — Atlantic  and  Western  States;  Texas;  Canada. 

3.  Nephele,  Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  p.  297.      Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  300,  1802. 

Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  180(;. 
Hab. — Northern,  JNIiddle  and  Western  States;  Canada. 

4.  Boi'iPis,  Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1804.     Edwards,  Pn)c.  Eirt.  Soc.  Phil. 

1800. 
Hab. — California. 

6.  Gabbii,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 
Hab. — Oregon. 

6.  Ariaxe,  Boisdnval,  Ann.  Soc.  I-nt.  Fr.  1852. 
Hab. — California;  Nevada. 


"I 

Pi 

pi 

hi 


« 


I  \ 


20 


SYNOPSIS   OF    NOBfH    AMERICAN    HUTTERFLIES. 


( 


7.  SiLVESTKis,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1801. 

(Etm,  Bois.  Lc'p.  lie  la  Cal.  1869. 
JIab. — California  ;  Nevada. 

8.  Sthenele,  l^oisduval,  Aim.  ^oc.  Ent.  Fr.  1852. 

Jlci/i. — (.'alifornia. 

9.  RiniNGSii,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1865. 

JIab. — Colorado. 

EREBIA,  Dalmau. 

1.  Epipsodea,  Bntler,  Cat.  Satyridsp,  Br.  IMusouni,  p.  80,  pi.  2.  1868. 

If'tb. — Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  Vesagds,  Hewitson  &  Wostwood,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  64. 

Hab. — Rocky  ^Mountains. 

3.  IMaXvIXUs,  Ilewitson  &  Westwood,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  64. 

Ilab. — Rocky  Mountains;  Aliaska. 

4.  Rossir,  Curtis,  Appendix,  Ross'  Arctic  Explorations,  Nat.  Hist.  p.  57,  pi.  A. 

Jlab. — Boreal  America. 

5.  Fasc'IATA,  Butler,  Cat.  Satyrida?,  Br.  Museum,  p.  92,  pi.  2,  1868. 

Hub. — Boreal  America. 

6.  DiscoiDALis,  Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  p.  208,  pi.  3. 

Jlab. — Boreal  America ;  Fort  Simpson  ;  Aliaska. 

LETHE,  Hubner. 

PoRTLANDiA,  Fabricius,  Ent.  8yst.  IH,  p.  103.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  226,  pi.  58. 

Andromacha,  Hubner,  (^amml.   Exot.  Schmett.  pi.  89.     Say,  Am.  Ent. 

Ill,  pi.  3(i. 

Hub. — West  Virginia  to  Missouri ;  Southern  States. 

PARARGE,  Hubner. 

BoiSDuvALLii,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  305,  1862. 

Canthus,  Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  60.  (not  of  Linn,  and  Fab.) 
Hab. — New  Jersey  to  Canada ;  Illinois. 


SYNOPSIS   OF    NORTH    AMKIUCAX    lUTTFRFUES. 


27 


ClIIONOBAS,  Eoisduval. 

1.  JuTTA,  llubner,  Europ.  Sdimett.  pi.   120.     Bois.   Iconcs,   pi.   oS.     Milschler, 

Wien.  Ent.  Monat.  IV,  p.  o42;  VII,  ]).  201.     Sciukler,  Proc. 
Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1805. 
Balder,  Hiibner,  Zutrago,  p.  48.     Poih!.  Icoiios.  pi.  \\\).     Wm.  &  IjOc.  p. 
21(;. 
Hah. — Boreal  America;   Hudson's  Buy;  Labrador;  Quebec. 

2.  CiiRYXUS,  Ilewitson,  Gen.  Diur.  Lejt.  pi.  (i4.     Edwards,   Proc.  Ent.  8oe.  Phil. 

18(J3.     Hcud.lcr,  Pro('.  Ent.  Hoc.  Phil.  18()5. 
ITcth. — R( »cky  Mountains. 

3.  Nevauexsis,  Felder.  Reise  der  Fr.  Novara,  III.   pi.  (>2.     Scudder,  Proc.  Ent. 

Soc.  Phil.  1805. 
Hah. — C-alitbrnia ;  Nevada. 

4.  GiCfAs,  Butlei',  Gat.  Batyridse,  Br.  .Aluseum,  p.  101,  pi.  2,  1808. 

Hah. — V^ancouver's  Island. 


5.  Semidea,  Say,    Am.  Ent.   III.   pi.   oO.    Harris,    Ins.    Mass.    p.   304,     1802. 

Seudder,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1803;  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil. 
18()0. 
Also,  Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  222. 

Hah. — White  Mountains,  New  Ilanipshire. 

6.  Oeno,  Boisduval,   Icones,  p.   lUo,  pi.  39.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  220.      INldschler, 

Wien.  Ent.  ]\Ionat.  IV.  p.  342;  VII.  p.  211.     Seudder,  Proc. 

Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  180."). 
Also,  Boisduval,  Icones,'  p.  107,  j)!.  40.     Mdschler,  Wien.   Ent.  Monat. 

VII,  p.  205. 
Cramhis,  Freyer,  Neu  Beitrage,  V,  p.  9!),  pi.  440.     Westwood,  Gen. 

Diur.  Lep.  p.  383. 
Hah. — Boreal  America;  Labrador. 

7.  AssiMius,  Butler,  Gat.  Satyridse,  Br.  Museum,  ]).  103,  pi.  2,  1868. 

Hah. — Boreal  America;  Repulse  Bay. 

8.  Uhlerii,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  IMiil.  1806. 

Hah. — Colorado. 


28 


SYNOPSIS    OF    NOKTII    AMKHICAN    HUTTKKFLIKS. 


9.  SuiuiYALiXA,  Curtis,  Appendix  Iloss'  Arctic  Explorationa,  p.  08. 
llnl). — Boreal  America. 

10.  Calais,  8cuJdcr,  9,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18Go. 

$  Taygdc,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  N-.;t.  Sci.  Phil.  18G2.     ?  (not  s),  Hub- 
ncr,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett. 
Hab. — Eupert  House,  Hudson's  Pay. 

11.  BouE,  Esper,  Europ.  Schmett.  pi.  100.     Bois.  Icones,  p.  193,  pi.  37.     Scud- 

der,  Proc.  Ent,  Hoc.  Phil.  IHO"). 
7ioo/(?6',  llubncr,  Europ.  tSchniett.  I,  llgs.  1025 — 1028.     Bois.  Iconea,  p. 

191,  pi.  37.     M.ischler,  Wien.  Ent.  :Monat.  IV.  p.  342. 
Taygetc,  Hubner,  Saininl.  Exot.  Schmett.     Mcischler,  Wien.  Ent.  Monat. 

IV,  p.  342;  YII.  p.  213. 
Hal). — Labrador. 

12.  Stuetchii,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Hab. — Nevada. 


W: 


I'  I 


LYCilNIDil. 

THECLA,  l^ibricius. 
1.  Halesus,  Cramer,  pi.  98.  Fab.  f?p.  Ins.  p.  11(5;  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  273.   Godart, 
Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  020.    Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  83,  pi.  25. 
DoUchoff,  Hubner,  Zutrag.  ]>.  219. 
Juani/d,  Scudder.  Proc.  Post.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1868. 
Hub. — Florida  to  Texas;  California. 

2..  M-ALBUM,  Boisduval.     Bois.  &  Lcc.  p.  80,  pi.  20'. 
Var.  P^i/c/u;  Bois.  &  Lcc.  p.  88,  ]>1.  27. 

JIab. — Southern  States;  occasional  in  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania. 

3.  Spinetokum,  Boisduval  in  Ilewitsoii's  lllus.  Lye.  Ill,  fig.  198,  199;   Lep.  de 

la  Cal.  1809. 
Hab. — California. 

4.  Favoxius,  Abbot,  Ins.  Ga.  pi.  14.     Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  p.  035. 

Liparops,  Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  99,  pi.  31. 
Hah. — Southern  States. 


iii  m. 


SYNOPSIS  or  yoRTrr  amkuk  a\  iu'ttkkflif-s. 


29 


5.  HuMULi,  Harris,  Ins,  Mass.  p.  27(>,  18G2. 

McHnus,  Hubiier,  Zutrag.  fig.  121,  122. 
Fttvonius,  liois.  &  Lee.  j).  Uo,  pi.  ;}0. 
Hyperiei,  l^ois.  &  Loe.  p.  J»0,  pi.  2(S. 

Hub. — Soutliorn  and  AVestern  8tates. 

6.  Califorxica,  Edwards,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Bci.  Phil.  1802. 

Borm,  liois.  Lep.  do  la  Cal.  18G"J. 
ILih. — California. 

7.  AcADicA,  Edwards,    Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1802;  Butterflies  of  North 

America,  pi.  I  of  Tliecla. 
Var,  Sotvhegayi,  AVhitney. 

//«/>.— New  England;  Now  York;  Canada. 

8.  Cygnus,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Ilab. — Nevada. 

9.  Edwakdsii,  Saunders,  MSB.— See  Can.  Entom.  I,  p.  98,  99.    Scudder,  Pr^c. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  p.  274,  1870. 
Falacer,  Harris,  Ins.  j\Iass.  p.  270,  18()2.     Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.  p.  378,  18(58;  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I,  p.  331. 
Calanus,  Grote  &  Robinson,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  I,  pp.  172,  324. 
jfiTaZi.— Northern  and  Western  States;  Canada. 

10.  Calanus,  Hubner,  Sannnl.  exot.  Schmett.   AVestwood  &  Ilewitson,  Gen.  Diur. 

Lep.  II,  48(].    Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  p.  275,  1870. 
Falacer,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  IX,  pp.  000,  033.     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  92,  pi. 
29.     Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  ]).  378,  1808;  Trans. 
Chicago  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I,  331.     Grote  &  Eobiuson,  Trans.  Am 
Ent.  Soc.  I.  p.  172. 
//a^».— Atlantic  and  AA^estern  States;  Canada. 

11.  LoRATA,  Grote  &  Robinson,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  I,  p.  171,  1807, 

Hab. — Virginia. 

12.  Ontario,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1808;  Butterflies  of  North  America 

pi.  2  of  Tliecla. 
Hab. — Canada. 


!  S 


30 


SYNOPSIS   or    NORTH    AMKKICAN    lU'TTKUFLIKS. 


I'     >t 


13.  Strioosa,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  ]).  270,  18G2.     K.lwanlH,  r.ntterflies  of  North 

Anu'vioa,  ]»1.  2  ofTliccla. 
jrab.—'Svw  Englaiu! :  ^unv  York ;  AV^'st  Virginia. 

14.  Sylvixus,  Boisdiival,  Ann.  Ent.  See.  de  Fr.  1852. 

JIab. — California. 

lo.  Smilacis,  'Boisdnval.     Bois.  &  TiCe.  p.  107,  pi.  33. 
Jldh. — ;Miil(;le  and  Western  States. 

10.  AmuKNiANA,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  277,  1802. 
Hah. — Massachusetts. 

17.  Castai:is,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

JIab. — Texas. 

18.  S.F.Pit'M,  Roisdnval,  Ann.  Ent.  Hoe.  do  Fr.  1852. 

Ilab. — California. 

19.  AuRKTonrM,  Boisdnval,  Ann.  Ent.  Soo.  de  Fr.  1852. 

Hub. — California. 

20.  Chalcis,  Behr,  MS8.     Edwards  in  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1809. 

JFab. — California. 

21.  Tetua,  Bohr,  :N[SS.     Edwards  in  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

JIab. — California. 

22.  Dkyope,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Ilab. — California. 

23.  Gkunus,  Boisdnval,  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  de  Fr.  1852. 

Ilab. — California. 

24.  Mopsus,  Hubner,  Zutrag.  fig.  135,  130.    Bois.  &  Leo.  p.  109,  p.  34.     Harris, 

Ins  Mass.  p.  278,  1802. 
jfab, — New  England  to  Missouri ;  Colorado ;  Canada. 

25.  PoEAs,  Hubner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmctt.    Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  111.  pL  35. 

JJcon,  Goilart,  Enc.  Moth.  IX,  p.  030. 

JIab. — Southern  States;  West  Virginia. 


HYXOI'Srs    or   N0T!TH    AMKTUCAX    miTTF.RPLrKS. 


.•^1 


2G.  InuH,  Codiirt,  Enc.  Metli.  IX,  j).  074.     Bois  &  T>(H'.  p.  101,  pi.  .31. 
JIu/k—  Middle  and  Southoni  Htatcs. 

27.  Arsack,  Boisduvid.     Buia.  &  Loc.  ]>.  10;i,  pi.  ,32. 

Var.  Jli'iirid,  (iroto  &  Koljinson. 

Jlaij. — Middle  and  tSoutluTii  States. 

28.  Iroidks,  Boi.sduval,  Ann.  Eat.  Soc.  do  Fr.  1852. 

Hub. — California. 

2'.).  NiPiiox,  llidjiier,  Zutraj;.  fig.  20o,  201.     Bois.  &  Lee.  ]\  105,  pi.  33. 
Jlab, — Northern  and  Middle  States;  Colorado;  Canada. 

30.  Erypiion,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Ent  Soc.  de  Fr.  1852. 

//«/>. — California. 

31.  Augustus,  Kir])y,  Fauna  Bor.  Amor.  IV,  pi.  3.     Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  279, 

18(;2. 
11(1  f). — New  England;  New  York;  Canada. 

32.  Behrii,  Edwardf,  Trans.  Ain.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Hal).     California. 

33.  Nelsoni,  Boisduval,  Lop.  de  la  Cal.  1809, 

Ilab. — California. 

34.  DuMETORUM,  Boisduval,  ^Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  de  Fr.  1852. 

Viridis,  Edv.ards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  18(52. 
ITab. — California. 

35.  Affinis,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1802. 

//aZ<.— Utah. 

30.  L.ETA,  Edwards,  Proc  Aca<l.  Nat.  Sci.  1802;  Buttorflles  of  North  Aniori(>a, 
1.1. 1  of  Theela. 
?  Clothilde,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1803. 

IIaJ>. — Canada;  Maine;  Catskill  Mts.,  N.  York;   Kunuwha,  "West 
Virginia. 


SI 

:  'I' 

i    ,:■. 


32 


HYNOI'SIH   OF    NOUTII    AMi;UlCAX    BUTTiajFI-IKS. 


FENTSECA,  Groto. 
Tarqdinil's,  Fiibric-lus,  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  ;;r,).    (Jodmt,   ICiic.  Melli.  IX,  j).  580. 
liuis.  <Si  Iav.  [).  1L\S,  j»l.  ;!7. 
Vur.  l*orHnina,  ScuddiT,  Proc.  Essox.  Ins.  18G3. 
JM). — Atlantic  and  WcHtern  HtutoH. 

CIIKY.SOrilAXrH,  lIubntT. 

1.  Ajir.RiCAXA,    DTrhaii,  Can.  Nat.  V.  \i.  -40.     llarris,  lus.  Mass.  p.  273, 

l.S(;2. 
rhlem,  P>()is.  ct  Loc.  p.  123. 
Ifijpojtlilt'dx,  Hois.  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  dc  Fr.  liSi")2. 
Hdb. —  Northern  States;  Canada;  California. 

2.  Epixaxtiie,  IJoiwdnval.     Bois.  &  Lw-.  p.  127,  i)l.  38.     llarris,  Ins.  Mass.  j). 

274,  1S(;2. 
Hal). — Xew  England;  Minnesota;  Canada. 

3.  DoKCAs,  Kirbv,  Fanna  Ror.  Amor.  IV,  ]>].  2. 

Il(d). — British  Aniejioa. 

4.  ViLtoixiirrsis,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

I£ab, — Xevada, 

5.  AiiOTA,  Bois(hival,  Ann.  Ent.  Soe.  de  Fr.  18o2. 

Hub. — Californi;i. 

(i.  Nais,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 
llab. — Caliibrnia;  Xevada. 

7.  Helloides,  Boi8(hival,  Ann.  Ent.  8oe.  dc  Fr.  1852. 

Hub. — Caliibrnia. 

8.  Iantiie,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hub. — Virginia  City,  Xevada. 

9.  Makiposa,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G7. 

Kivuliff,  Bois.  Lcp.  de  la  Cal.  18G9. 
Jfib. — ( 'alilbrnia. 


:i"'"  I 


ill! 


10.  CASTito,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G7. 
Zcroc,  Bois.  Lep.  dc  la  Cal.  18G!). 
Hub. — Colorado;  Utah. 


\W' 


SYNOPSIS   OF    NOKTll    AMKUKAN    JJUTTKUrUJiS. 


11. 


12. 


13. 

14. 
lo. 

16. 

17. 


6. 


IIkhmks,  Kdwanls,  Trans.  Am.  Kiit.  Six;.  1870. 
Ifdlt. — Ciilit'oniiii ;  Nevada. 

Hylli's,  Cramer,  pi.  11.     Fal).  Sp.  Ins.  j).  100;  Eiit.  Sysl.  Ill,  ]).  2'):]. 

Thoe,  B(iis.  in  (iuerin.  lle^.  Anim.  do  Ciiv.  pi.  <S1.    r>ois.  it  Lee  p.  125, 

pi.  ;;h. 

Hub. — Northern  States;  Iowa;  Wisconsin;  Canada. 

DiONE,  Scudder,   Proc.   Bost.  Hoc  Nat.   Hist.   1808;  Trans.  Chicago  Acad. 
Nat.  Hcl.  18(J8. 
][(th. — Iowa;  Missouri. 

Xantiioidks,  Bolsduval,  Ann.  Ent.  Hoc.  do  Fr.  1852. 
Hub. — California. 

( J()U(i()X,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Ent.  Hoc.  do  Fr.  1852. 
ILib. — Calitornia. 

RuiiiBu.s,  Bchr,  Proc.  Ent.  Hoc.  Phil.  ISOf?, 
Hab. — Oregon 

CuPUEUS,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Hoc.  1870. 
Hah. — Oregon. 

LYC.ENA,  Fabriciu 
Heteroxea,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Ent.  Hoi'.  do  Fr.  1852. 
Hah. — California. 

RuFEscEXs,  Boisduval,  Lep.  do  la  Cal.  1809. 
Hah. — California. 

Nestos,  Boisduval,  Lep.  de  la  Cal.  1801). 
Hah. — California. 

t'lLLA,  Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  1807. 
Hah. — California. 

Ai:iiAjA,  Bohr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  18(;7. 
Hah. — Calii.i-nia. 

FuLiGixosA,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  Phil.  1802. 
Suasa,  Bois.  Lop.  de  la  Cal.  180U 
Hah. — California. 


;m 


HYNorsiS   OV    NOKTII    AMKKK  AN     lUTTnirM  IIM. 


HI-' 


t 


7.  liin;A,  JJoistluviil,  Ltp.  dc  la  Ciil.  1801). 

JI(i/». — Calii'oriiiu. 

8.  Batt(>ii)i;h,  Hdisdnval,  Ijcp.  do  hi  Cal.,  18(5!>. 

I/dfi. — Culiluriiiii. 

9.  (iLAUcov,  Edwards,  Trims.  Am.  Eiit.  Soo.  1871. 

JJu/j. — iS'uvadii. 

10.  AcMov,  Jlowitsoii  &  Wostwood,  Gen.  Diur.  Ti('[».  pi.  70. 

Aiit.(ri/nii,  J>()is.  Ami.  i'^iit.  Soc.  Fr.  lHo'2. 
JJu/j. — Culifuniiu;  C'uloratlo. 

11.  ScuDDKRir,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Phil.  18G2. 

Ildh. — Cuiuida;  New  York. 

12.  Lnnxi,  Hoisdiival,  Lcp.  de  la  Cal.  1809. 

JIdb. — Calitbrnia. 

13.  Calchas.  Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18G7. 

^''iviu)n,  Puis.  L.'p.  do  la  Cal.  1809. 
llab. — Calitbrnia. 

14.  Anna,  Edwards  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1802. 

Oijomi,  Koakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Pliil.  18(')7. 
Ai'Djirofoxm,  Pi-lir,  I'roc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  f^ci.  1807. 
Philemon,  Pois.  Lop.  do  la  Cal.  1809. 

Hab, — California ;  Nevada ;  Colorado. 

15.  REOi  ,  KoiKdnval,  Lop.  do  la  Cal.  ISOO. 

Hab. — Mt.  Diablo,  California;  San  Diego. 

10.  Comyntas,  Godart,  Enc.  Moth.  IX,  p.  000     Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  120,  pi.  36. 
Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  27a,  18(')2. 
Hab. — Atlantic,  W(3storn  and  Southern  States;  Canada. 

17.  A.MYNTULA,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Fr.  1852. 

Hab. — California. 

18.  Mom  LA,  Roakirt,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1806. 

JIab. — California. 


ly' 


SYNOPSIS  ov  NoKTii  AMiiuicAX   rii;TTi;Kri.ir..s. 


85 


10.  Tkjua,  Ilnikirt,  Troc.  Acad.  Nut,.  8ci.  I'liil.  l.SOO. 
Ifal). — Call  lorn  iii. 

20.  Catalina,  Hcakirt,  Proc.  Acml.  Nut.  Sel.  IMiil.  ISC.C. 

Jl(i/>. — Culit'oniiu. 

21.  Shasta,  Ivlwiinis,  Proc.  Acail.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  18<;2. 

Ildij. — Caliluriiiu. 

22.  ExiLiH,  Boisdiival,  Ann.  Kiit.  Soc.  Fr.  18o2. 

JI(i6. — C'alilurnia;  Arizona. 

23.  IsoLA,  Rcakirt,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiil.  1800. 

JIuL — AVaco,  Texas. 

24.  Gyas,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Eiit.  Soc.  1871. 

JJdL — Arizona. 

2o.  FiLEXUS,  Pocy,  Cent,  de  I'isle  tie  Cuba.     Boia.  &  Lcc.  jj.  114,  pi.  oo. 
Hal). — iSc (utliern  iStutcs. 

20.  Aquilo,  Poisdiival,  Iconos,  pi.  12.    Mosclder,  "Wien.  Ent.  ^Monat.  IV,  p.  343. 
FrankUnil,  Curtis,  Appendix  lloss'  Arctic  Exj)! orations,  i>.  09. 
ll(d>. — IJoreal  America  ;  Labrador. 

27.  ExoPTES,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Ent,  Soc.  Fr.  1852. 

llab. — California. 

28.  Pardaus,  Bebr,  Proc.  Cal.  Aciul.  Nat.  Sci.  1807. 

ll(tl>. — California. 

29.  FuLLA,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Halt. — Calilbrnia. 

30.  ViACA,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hab. — Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

31.  MiNTHA,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Hab. — Calit't  trnia. 

32.  Xerxes,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Fr.  1852. 

Hab. — California. 


i 


86 


BYN()r8IH   Ol'    NOKTll    AMKUKAV   IJUTTIvlU'LIKS. 


JI(t/). — Calilbrnia. 

34.  Tehama,  ll.-nklit,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Si-i.  18(5(5. 
J/(t/). — S()utlu>ru  Calitbiiiia. 

r.5.  llusTf(^v,  ?,  ICdwanIs,  Piw.  lOnt.  Hoc.  Tliil.  18(51. 
i/a/>. — Colorado. 


■h- 


8G.  riiKUics,  Poisduval,  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Fr.  1852. 
JJ<il>. — Calilbrnia. 

37.  LouQUiNi,  Ik^ir,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18157. 

J/(i/>. — Calitbrnia. 

38.  Makicopa,  llcakirt,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliil.  180G. 

JJa/). — Calilbrnia. 

31).  lOiiYMUS,  l?oisduval,  Ia'j).  do  la  Cal.  18(50. 
JJnl). — Calilbrnia, 

40.  Rapauok,  lloakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1807. 

Hal). — Colorado. 

41.  S;EinoT-us,  Boisdnval,  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Fr.  1852. 

liah. — Calilbrnia. 

42.  D^.PALUS,  liolir,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1807. 

Ifa/>. — Calilbrnia. 

43.  PuiLKROS,  Poisdnval,  lii'p.  do  Li  Cal.  18()0. 

Jl<t/>. — Calilbrnia. 

44.  IcAuoiPKs,  P.oisdnval,  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Fr.  1852. 

JJah. — California. 

45.  Amica,  i:dwards  Proc.  Ent.  Poc.  Pliil.  18(53. 

jfab. — Fort  lloss,  iMackcn/Zu's  lUvcr. 

40.  Mkktila,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1806. 
JIab. — California. 


BYNOi'srs  oi'  Noirni  AMi:iU(  AN   imrrKiU'MKH. 


87 


47.  AiiDKA,  Edwards.  Trans.  Am.  Eat.  Soc.  1^71. 

Jlitb. — Xovada. 

48.  Oiicus,  Eilwards,  'I'rans.  Am.  Eiit.  Soc.  1870. 

llah. — (.alilbniia, 

49.  IEeuos,  Edwards,  I'raiis.  Am.  l<:ii(,.  Soo.  1871. 

ll,t(t. — California. 

60.   liKiiuir,  Edwards,  IVoc.  Acad.  Nat.  S^-i.  riiil.  18(52. 
rolilj)li<niii!<,  r.ois.  Lf[).  d(-  la  Cal.  18(ii). 
Jlah. — Cidllornia, 

T)!.  AiNTi.vcis,  Koisdnval,  Ann.  Em.  Soc.  Er.  18(;2. 
Jlnlt. — Calilorniu. 

62.  Lyodamah,   Donhlcday,  Tlu>  Enlomoloj^lsl,   1841.      Edwards,  Butt.'rllics  of 
^iortli  America,  pi.  1  of  Lyca'tia. 
Jfah. — ^[■■■liij^nm  to  Georgia;  Colorado. 

T):].  Pi:MiirNA,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  e^ci.  IMiil.  i8(i2. 

JIal). — Now  Yoric;  Canada;  J?ri(ish  Amcriciu 

« 

r.4.  KoDiAK,  ICdwards,  'iVuns.  Am.  l^^iit.  Soc.  1870. 
JIalt. — Jvodialv. 

r)5.  Lycka,  f]dw!mls,  Proc.  Ent.  JSoc.  Phil.  18(M. 
JIdb. — Colorado. 

r)(>.  ViOLAciiA,  E.lwards,  Proc,  ICiit.  Hoc.  IMiil.  18(;(5;  r>mtorllics  of  North  America, 
|>1.  1  ot'Lyca'na. 
lial). — Virginia  to  i\[in  esotu;  Ciuiiula. 

57.  Lucia,  Kirhy,  Eann:,.  Por.  Am.  p.  200,  pi.  '^. 

JW.udaniiolu^,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  (l_:;s.  H)~y,  100.   (not  text)  1802. 
Uab. — New  Englaml;  New  York;  Canada. 

58.  PiASTiM,  IJoisdnval,  Ann.  l-jit.  8oc.  Er.  1852. 

iic/*<>,  I'ld  wards,  I 'roc.  Ent.  8oc.  Phil.  18(!t. 
JInb. — Calitbruia. 


i 


88 


SYXOPSIS   OF   NORTU   AMERICAN   BUTTERFLIES. 


59.  Neglecta,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  18G2;  Butterflies  of  Nortli 

America,  pi.  2  of  Lyctena. 
Pseudargiohis,  HarrLs,  Ins.  Mus^.  p.  274,  text  (not  plate),  1852. 

IIal).~-Ne\y  England;  Middle  States;  Minnesota;  Colorado;  Canada. 

60.  Pseud ARGiOLUs,  Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  118,  text  (not  i)late).     Edwards,  Proc.  Ent. 

Soc.  Phil.  18(J0;  Butterflies  of  North  America,  pi.  2  of  Lycseua. 
Argiolus,  Abbot.  Ins.Ga.  pi.  15. 

i^ai.-— Virginia;  Pennsylvania;  Southern  States. 

ERYCINIDiE, 

LEjMONIAS,  Westwood. 

1.  MoRMO,  Felder,  Wien.  Ent.  Monat.  Ill,  p.  271. 

Damdi,  Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1865. 
Hab. — California;  Arizona;  New  Mexico, 

2.  ViRGULTi,  Behr,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1865. 

Hab. — Southern  California. 

3.  Palmerii,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Hab. — Utah. 

CHARIS,  Ilubner. 

1.  CiENius,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat,  II,  p.  106. 

Puwttfe,  Bois.  &  Lee.  p.  i;]!,  pi.  37. 
Hab. — Southern  States;  Texas. 

2.  BoREALiH,  Grote  &  Robinsor.,  A.nn.  New  York  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  186& 

Hab. — New  York;  Michigan;  West  Virginia. 

EUM^EUS,  Hubner. 

1.  Atala,  Poey,  Cent.  Lep.    Guerin,  Icon.  Regne   Anira.   Ins.  text,  p.  489. 

Doubleday  &  Hewitson,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  74. 
Toxea,  Gray,  Griffith's  Anim.  King.  XV,  pi.  43.     Guerin,  Icon.  Regne 
Anim.  Ins.  pi.  80. 
Hab. — Florida. 

2.  MimrAs,  Hubner,  Samml.  Exot.  Sehmett.     Bois.  Spec.  Gen.  pi.  21. 

Toxm,  Godart,  Yaw.  Metli.  IX,  p.  826.     Lucas,  Lep.  Exou  pi.  79. 
Hab. — Texas;  New  Mexico. 


SYNOPSIS   OF   NOBTH   AMERICAX   niTTTERFLIES.  39 

HESPERIDJ. 

ERYCIDES,  Hubnor. 

1.  Urania,  Westwood  &  Ilewitson,  Gen.  I)iur.  Lep.  pi.  79. 

Ilab. — Texas. 

2.  Tex/va,  Scudder,  Report  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.  1871. 

Ilab. — Texas. 

3.  Sanguixea,  Rcuddc  r,  Report  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.  1871. 

Hub. — Texas. 

THYMELE,  Fabricius. 

1.  Pkoteus,  Liimreus,  Syst.  Nat.  II,  p.  701.     Fab.  Sy.st.  Ent.  p.  532.     Cramer, 

pi.  2(10.     Abbot,  Ills.  Ga.  pi.  18.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  G*J. 
Ilab.— Gu\{  States. 

2.  SniPLicius,  SKjH,  Siippt.     Cramer,  pi.  39. 

jiab. — New  Mexico;  Texas. 

EPARGYREUS,  ITubner. 

1.  TiTYRUs,  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  o32.     Abbot,  In.s.  Ga.  ))1.  19.     Bois.   &  Lee. 

pi.  72.     Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  310,  pi.  V,  18G2. 
Clarus,  Cramer,  ])1.  41. 

Hub. — Atlantic,  Gulf  and  Western  >States;  Canada. 

2.  Hesus,  Westwood  &  Ilewitson,  Gen.  Diur.  Lep.  pi.  78. 

Hub. — Texas. 

ACHALARUS,  Scudder. 
Lycidas,  Abbot,  Ins,  Ga.  pi.  20.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  71. 
Li/clade.%  ilubner,  Ziitrag.  fig.  021,  ()22. 

Hub. — Southern  and  A\"estern  States;  New  York. 

ACOLASTUS,  Scudder 
Savtgxyi,  Godart,  according  to  Scudder,  Report  P<  abody  Acad  Sci.  1871. 
Hub.— Key  West,  Florida. 

SPATHILEPI A,  Butler. 

Cellus,  Boisduval,  Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  73. 

Ilab. — Southern  States;  West  Virginia. 


I 


40 


SYNOPSIS    OP   NORTH    AMTIRIOAN   BUTTPRFLIES. 


TIIORYBES,  Sciuldcr. 

1.  Batuyllus,  Abbot,  Ins.  Ga.  pi.  22.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  74. 

Hal). — Southern  States. 

2.  Pylades,  Sciulder,  Proc.  Post.  Soc.  Nat.  ilbt  1870. 

Bathyllns,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  p.  312,  1862. 
Hal). — Northern  and  Middle  States. 

3.  Nevada,  Scudder,  Report  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.  1871. 

Hub. — Nevada. 

ACHYLODES,  Ilubner. 
Thuaso,  Ilubner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schniett. 
Eantis,  Bois.  Sp.  Gen.     ,    V  f?. 
Tamcnimd,  Edw.  Trans.  -  Int.  Soc.  1871. 

Hab. — Texas. 

NISONIADES,  Ilubner. 

1.  JuvENALis.  Fabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  HI,  p.  'MVX   Abbot,  Ins.  Ga.  pi.  21.     Bois.  & 

Lee.  pi.  05.     Harris,  Ins.  .Alass.  p.  SOU,  18G2. 
Costa/i.'i,  AVestwood,  Gen.  Diur.  J.ep.  ])1.  79. 
Hab. — Southern  and  Aliddlc  States. 

2.  PKiisius,  Seuddcr,  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  1802,  p.  170. 

Hab. — Northern  and  Midille  States.  ' 

3.  Martialis,  Scudder,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18u0,  p.  335. 

Hab. — Iowa. 

4.  IcELUs,  Lintner,  23rd  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  illus.  Nat.  Hist.  1872,  p.  162,  pi.  7. 

Hab. — New  York. 

5.  LrciLius,  Lintner,  23rd  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  illus.  Nat.  Hist.  1872,  p.  1G4,  pi.  7. 

i/«Z».— New  York. 

6.  Ausoxms,  Lintner,  23rd  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  illus.  Nat.  Hist.  1872,  p.  166,  pi.  7. 

Hab. — New  York. 

7.  Brizo,  Boisduval,  Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  GO.     Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  1862,  p.  309. 

Hab. — Northern  and  Middle  States. 

8.  Tristis,  Boisduval.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent,  de  Pr.  1852. 

Hab. — California. 


^.i'^l 


SYNOPPTS   OF    JTOKTII    A^IKniCAX    m;TTEIJFLn:9. 


41 


9.  ?  Tages,  var.  Ceuvantes,  Giuslin,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852.     Bois   ibid 
18o2. 
llab. — Califoi  nia. 

PHOLISOKA,  Scnddor. 

1.  Catullus,  Cramer,  pi.  2G0.     Fab.  Ent.  Sy.st.  Ill,  p.  r.48.     Abbot,  Ins.  Ga. 

pi.  24. 
Ilab. — Atlantic,  Southern  and  Western  States. 

2.  Hayhuustii,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 

Hah. — Missouri;  West  Virginia. 

LEUCOSCIRTES,  Scudder. 

1.  Ekicetorum,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852. 

Alba,  Edw.  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G(>. 
llab. — California;  Oregon. 

2.  Oceaxuj!,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871, 

llab. — Arizona. 

IIESPERIA,  Fabricius. 

1.  Tessellata,  Scudder,  Report  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.  1871. 

Ollem,  Westw.  &  Ilninph.  Brit.  But.  pi.  ;J8.  (not  Linn.) 

llab.—MuXiWa,  Southern  and  Western  States ;  Colorado. 

2.  CENTAURE.E,  Rauibur,  Faun.  And.  pi.  8,  18;]!).      Ilerr.  SclneiF.  Schmett.  Eur. 

I,  18;]9.     j^L'schler,  Wien.  l^it.  ]\Ionat.  VIII,  j).  1U3. 
Wyandot,  Edw.  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18()o. 
llab. — Labrador  to  Virginia. 

3.  RuRALis,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852. 

Eicara,  Edw.  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18(54,  pi.  1. 
llab. — California;  Colorado. 

4.  Cjespitalis,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  V\\  1852. 

llab.  —California. 

5.  SciiiPTUUA,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852. 

i/aZi. —California. 

6.  Petueius,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hah. — Nevada. 


42 


SYNOPSIS   OF    NOHTH   AMERICAN    BUTTERFLIES. 


II 


ANCYLOXYPIIA,  l',l,lcr. 

XuMiiOR,  Fiibriciiis,  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  ;j21. 
Piicr,  llubiier,  Zutrag.  f,  275,  27(5. 
JIart/inuim,  Harris,  Ins;  Alass.  2iul  l':(l.  p.  308,  18G2. 
JIab. — Atlantic  and  Western  .States. 

OAIIISMA,  Sciulder. 
PowESHEiK,  Parker,  Am.  Ent.  II,  p.  271,  1870. 
Ilab. — Iowa;  Illinois. 

THYMJOLTCUS,  Ilubner. 

1.  Waco,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  18G7. 

Var.  Minima,  Ya{\\.  ibid,  1870. 
7/r,/,._T(.x;is. 

2.  Puocius,  E  Iwai'ds,  Tran^.  Am.  ICiit.  8ac.  1371. 

Hah. — Texas. 

3.  AiiE.vi:,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hah. — Arizona. 

4.  Gaiuta,  IleakirL,  Proc.  Ent.  Hoc.  I'hil.  iy(;7. 

Hyku,  Edw.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Sue;.  1871. 
Hah. — Colorado. 

5.  RuiiicoLA,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  do  Fr.  1852. 

Hal). — California. 

POTANTll  US,  Scudder. 

1.  Omaha,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Pliil.  18G3. 

Jliuffo,  Edw.  ibid,  180-3. 
Hah. — Colorado. 

2.  Califobxica,  Scudder,  Rej)ort  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.  1871. 

Hal). — California. 

CYCLOPIDES,  Ilubner. 

1.  Maxdan,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  IMiil.  1802,  pi.  5. 

/  Mesapano  Scud,  l^roc.  Post.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1868. 
Hah. — Great  Slave  Lake;  Maine. 

2.  Skada,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hub. — Aliaska. 


SYNOPSIS   OF    NOUTII   AMERICAN    nUTTEI!Fr.i::S. 

AMBLYSCIRTES,  8cii(l<l.r. 

1.  ViALia,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phil.  18G2. 

Hab. — Middle  and  Western  States. 

2.  Eos,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hab. — Texas. 

3.  SA>rosET,  Scuddor,  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  p.  78,  18G2. 

Ilcr/on,  Scuddcr,  ihid,  p.  77. 
Kcmoria,  Edw.  Proc.  Ent,  Soc.  Phil,  18G3. 
Alternata,  G.  &  II.  Trans.  Am.  Eat.  Soc.  18G7. 
Ilab. — Northern  and  Middle  States. 

4.  KiowAii,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G7. 

Hab. — Colorado. 

5.  Iloiuis,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

//«/>.— Texas. 

STOMYLES,  Scudder. 
TicxToit,  Ilnhner,  Zutrag.  f.  51"),  51G. 

Oncko,  Scud.  Proc.  Essex.  Ins.  18G2. 
Wahnlla,  Edw.  Ti-ans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1869. 
7/a/;.— Gulf  States. 

OCYTES,  Scudder. 

1.  RiDiNGSii,  Pveakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18v.'. 

Hab. — Colorado. 

2.  Mete  A,  Scudder,  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  18G2, 

Hab. — Connecticut ;  Colorado. 

3.  Draco,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hab. — Colorado;  Utah;  California. 

4.  Seminole,  Scudder,  Report  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.  1871. 

//ai.— Florida. 

POANES,  Scudder. 
Massasoix,  Scudder,  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  18G2. 

Hab. — New  England;  New  York. 

PriYCANASSA,  Scudder. 
Viator,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G4.  pi.  1. 
Hab. — Gulf  States;  Illinois. 


43 


44 


SYNOPSIS   OF   NOKTH   AMiiRICAX   BUTTKJIFLIES. 


ATRYTONE,  Scudder, 

1.  Iowa,  Scudder,  Trans,  Chicago  Acad.  Nat.  8ci,  1869. 

ViiclHii.t,  Abbot,  Ins.  Ga.  pi.  17.  (not  Fab.) 
Iiu/j. — Florida;  Iowa. 

2.  Delaware,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Fhil.  18G3,  pi.  5. 

2,  Lo(jnn,  Edw,  ibid,  pi.  1. 

Hab. — West  Virginia;  Delaware;  Tennsylvauia. 

3.  CoxspicuA,  Edwardb,  9,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1863.     Scud,  i,  Proc.  Chicago 

Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  1868.     Parker,  Can.  Ent.  1871. 
Hub. — Michigan ;  Wisconsin ;  Iowa. 

4.  Zabulox,  Boisduval.    Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  76. 

Hub. — West  Virginia;  Southern  States. 

5.  IIonoMOK,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass,  2nd  Ed.  p.  313,  1862. 

Qiiadaquhia,  Scud.  Proc.  Best.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1868: 
Pocahontas,  var.  ?,  ibid,  Proc.  Es.<ex  Ins.  1862. 

Hah. — New  England;  Middle  States;  Canada. 

EUTHYMUS,  Scudder. 
PhylvEUS,  Drury,  1,  pi.  13.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  78. 
VitelUus,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill,  p.  327. 

Hab. — Middle,  Southern  and  Western  States. 

PAMPIIILA,  Fabricius. 

1.  Juba,  Scudder,  Report  Peabody  Acad,  Sei.  1871. 

Comma,  Bois.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852.  (not  Linn.) 
Hab. — California;  Colorado. 

2.  Columbia,  Scudder   Report  Peabody  Acad.  Sei.  1871. 

Hab. — California. 

3»  Sassacus,  Scudder,  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  1862. 
Hab. — New  England. 

4.  Napa,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1864,  pi.  1. 

Dacotah,  Edw.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 
Hab. — Colorado. 

5.  Melane,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1869. 

Hab. — California. 


'  I 


s*riM&* 


SYNOPSIS   OP   NORTH   AMERICAN   BUTTEUFLIKS. 


40 


G.  Ottoe,  Edwards,  Prnc.  Ent.  Soe.  Pliil.  1800. 
Ilab. — Kansas;  Indian  Territory. 

ATALOrEDES,  ScMddcr. 

1.  Huron,  Edwards,  Troc.  Eat.  8oc.  Pliil.  180.'?,  j.!.  1. 

Hob. — West  Virginia;  Louisiana;  Texas. 

2.  Campestris,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soe.  Ent.  de  Fr.  18o2. 

11(d). — California. 

ANTHOMASTER,  Scudder. 

1.  Leoxardus,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  2nd  Ed.  p.  31  i,  18G2. 

Ilab. — New  England  to  West  Virginia. 

2.  Uncas,  Edwards,  Proe.  Ent.  Soe.  Phil.  1803,  jil.  5. 

Hub, — Pennsylvania;  Ohio. 

POLITES,  Scudder. 

1.  PECKiU3,.Kirby,  Faun.  Bor.  Anier.  IV,  p.  300,  pi.  4. 

Wamsutta,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  2iid  Ed.  p.  318,  1862. 
i/aZ».— Northern  and  Middle  States;  Canada. 

2.  Sabuleti,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soe.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852. 

Ilab. — California. 

OCIILODES,  Seuddor. 

1.  Nemorum,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soe.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852. 

Yreka,  Edw.  Proe.  Ent.  Soe.  Phil.  1800. 
Ilab. — California. 

2.  Agricola,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soe.  Ent.  de  Fr.  18o2. 

Ilab. — California, 

3.  SoNORA,  Scudder,  Report  Peabody  Acad.  Sri.  1871. 

Hab. — Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

AUGIADES,  Hubnor. 
?  1.  Sylvanoides,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soe.  Ent.  de  Fr.  1852. 
Ilab. — California. 

?2.  Pratincola,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soe.  Ent.  deFr.  1852. 
Hob. — California. 


i 


f 


^ 


4G 


SYNOPSIS   or   XOllTn    AMHUICAN   BUTTKEl'LlJiH. 


ITEDONK,  Soudder. 

1.  BiiKTTUs,  Boisduviil,  9,  13()iH.  &  Lcc.  jil.  75. 

W'ui(jlna,  ,?,  Sciul.  Proc.  Ewsex  Ins,  1802. 
//ffi.— Gulf  States. 

2.  OuoNO,  Scudder,  Report  Pciibody  Acad.  Sci.  1871t 

llab. — Northern  States. 

3.  EoEREMKT,  Seudder,  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  18G2. 

Otho,  Bois.  &  I^ee.  pi.  77. 

Hab. — Middle  and  AVestern  States. 

4.  Ohio,  Abbot,  Ins.  Ga.  pi.  11. 

/M.— Gulf  States. 

LTMOCITORES,  Scudder. 

1.  Mystic,  Scudder,  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  1802.  Edw.  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  1863,  pi.  1. 

Hab. — New  England;  New  York;  Canada. 

2.  PoNTiAC,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  18G3,  pi.  11. 

Ilah. — Michigan. 

3.  BiMACULA,  Grote  &  Robinson,  Ann,  Lye,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1867. 

Acanootus,  Scud.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1868. 
Hab. — New  England. 

4.  Manataaqua,  Scud.  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  1802. 

Cerncs,  Harris,  Ins.  Mass.  2nd  Ed.  p.  316,  1862. 
Hab. — Southern  States. 

6.  Cernes,  Bois.  &  Ijcc.  pi.  76. 

Arogos,  Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  76. 

Ahatoii,  Harris,  Ins.  Mas^.  2nd  Ed.  p.  317,  1862. 

?  Tauinas,  Fab.  Mant.  Ins.  p.  84. 

Hab. — Colorado  and  States  East  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

6.  LiciNUS,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 

Hab. — Texas. 

7.  Arpa,  Boisduval.     Bois.  &  Lee.  pi.  68. 

ZTa^.— Gulf  States. 

8.  Palatka,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1867. 

Hab. — Florida, 


HYXOPSIS   or    NOUTII    AMIOUKAX    UUTTKUI'LIES. 


47 


9.  BULENTA,   Bolwduvul.      Boirt.  it  Lee.  pi.  (\7. 
Ilah. — Gulf  States. 

ErrHYES,  Sru.ldcr. 

1.  Metacomkt,  IliirriH,  Ins.  IVfass.  2ii(l  VA.  p.  •.Ml,  \^(\% 

Rurca,  E«l\v.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  18()2. 
Hab. — Miildle  and  Western  States. 

2.  Attalus,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  .Soc.  1,S71. 

Hal). — Texas. 

3.  OsYKA,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  18G7. 

Iltib. — Florida;  Texas. 

4.  Verxa,  Edwards,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1862. 

JIab. — Maryland ;  Virginia. 

6.  Vestuis,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  do  Fr.  18o2. 
Hub. — California. 


LERODEA,  Scudder. 

1.  EuFALA,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  J':nt.  Soc.  1809. 

Hdb. — Louisiana ;  Texas. 

2.  FuscA,  Grote  &  Robinson,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  ISO/. 

Hab. — Georgia;  Florida. 

PRENES,  Scudder. 

1.  Panoquix,  Scudder,  Proc.  Essex  Ins.  1802. 

Ophis,  Edw.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 
Hah. — New  England;  Florida. 

2.  OcoLA,  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18G3.  pi.  11. 

Hab. — Gulf  States. 

CALPODES,  Ilubner, 
Ethlius,  Cramer,  IV,  392. 

Ckcmnis,  Fab.  Ent.  Syst.  Ill  p.  331. 
Olyiithus,  Bois.  &  Loc.  pi.  7"). 
Hab. — Gulf  States. 


48 


SYNOPSIS   OF    NOIITH    AMF-UK'AX    nUTTKIlFMES. 


If     I 


:i   ' 


Ji    .    ,■ 


It'      .-:;5i 


OLTGOKIA,  ScuiUlcr, 
Macitlata,  Edwanln,  Proc.  Eiit.  Soc.  IMiIl.  IHCA.  \>\.  1. 
Hub. — CJt'uryia ;  Louisiana. 

ij:i{e:>ia,  Scuddor. 

1.  Accir.s,  Al)l)ot,  Ttih.  rja.  pi.  'l'.). 

Moiioco,  Sc'uddcr,  Proc.  Khkox  Ins.  18G2. 
Nortonil,  Edw.  TruuH.  Am.  VaxL  Soc.  1807. 
PuadcJln,  Groto  &  Robin.son,  Trans.  Am.  Eut.  Soc.  1867. 
Hab.—QwU  States. 

2.  HiAV.VA,  SciKlder,  Proo.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  18G8. 

Ilab, — ^lassacliusottH;  New  York. 

MEGATHYMUS,  Scudder. 
Yuccj':,  Boisduval.  Bois.  &  Lcc.  pi.  70. 

Hub. — Gulf  States;  California. 

The  following  species  have  been  described  by  Scudder  and  Burgess  only  from 
peculiarit.es  in  genital  armor,  and  their  value  is  not  determined.  All  belong  to 
the  Genua  Nisoniades.     See  also  Parker,  Canadian  Entomologist,  1871. 

Terentius,  Funeralis,  Ovidius,  Eunius,  Propertius,  Tibullus,  Iloratius,  Virgi- 
lius,  Plautus. 

SUPPLEMENT. 


Papilio  AliasKA,  Scudder,  Proc,  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1869. 
Hab. — Aliaska;  Hudson's  Bay. 

PiEEis  ViRGixiENSis,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870;  Butterflies  of  North 
America,  Plate  II  of  Pieris. 
Hab. — West  Virginia;  Ontario,  Canada. 

PlEEls  HuLDA,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1869. 
Hab. — Kodiak. 

Pieris  Calyce,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1870. 
Hab. — Nevada. 

Anthocaris  Julia,  Edwards,  Trans,  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1872. 
Hab. — Colorado. 


BYXOP8IH   OF    XOUTII    AMI'.Krc.V.V    JllTTr.lfrMKS. 


49 


A.NTUot'Aius  Olymima,  I'Mwiinls,  Tniiis.  Am.  I]iit,  Soc.  isjl. 
Jliih. — Went  Virgiiiiii;   Illinois;  Mis.soiiri;  Ti-xaa. 

ANTiioCiVms  IIyantis,  IMwunlH,  Traii.s,  Am.  Kiit.  8oc.  1871. 
lldh. — Culitorniti. 

Antiiocauw  IlKAKiitTir,    Kdwanls,  Tmns.  Am.    I-nt.  Soc.   1809;    Butti'rflioa  of 
Xorlli  Amcricii,  I'lato  I  of  Aiitii(trari.s. 
lldh. — Calii'oniia. 

CoLFAH  Mi:Ai>it,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  lOnt.  Soc.  1.S71;  ButUTllios  ot'XortU  Amur- 
ica,  I'late  VUlofColius. 
Hub. — Colorado. 

CoLiAH  AsTU.KA,  I'Mwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Hoc.  1H7L'. 
ll(tl>. — Montana. 

AncjYXNis  Ixop.N'ATA,  Eilwanls,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Hoc.  1872. 
][<ih. — California. 

Aroywis  Mkadii,   I'Mwards,  Trans.  Am,  Ent.  Hoc.  1872. 
.    J[(ih. — Colorado;  Montana. 

Akgyxnis  Euuyxomi;,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Hoc.  1872. 
lldh. — Colorado. 

Akoyxxw  I3ui;mxi:uh,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Hoc.  1872. 
Ilah. — Han  Juan  island. 

Argyxxis  IIklhxa,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Hoc.  1871. 
lldh. — Colorailo. 

Phy'ciodes  Orseis,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Hoc.  1871. 
Huh. — California. 

Phyciodes  Caxaci:,  J^^dwards,  Trans,  Am.  Ent.  Hoc.  1871. 
Hah. — Houthcrn  California. 

Phyciodes  Camillus,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Hoc.  1871. 
?  2  Emhsa,  ibid.  1871. 
Hah. — Colorado. 

Grapta  Hilexus,  S,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent,  Hoc,  1872;  S,  ibid,  1870. 
Hah. — Oregon;  Han  Juan  Island. 

Erebia  Rhodia,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Hoc.  1871. 
Hah. — Colorado 


50 


SYNOPSIS   OF   \OKTU   AMERICAN   BUTTERFLIES. 


I  ,    ^!l 


EuEBiA  Callias,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Eut.  Soc.  1871 
Hah. — Colorado. 

Erebia  Haydenii,  Edwards,  in  Report  of  Ilayden's  Yellowstone  Exjoed.  of  1871. 
llah. — ^Montana. 

Erebia  Meaph,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  '>oc.  1872. 
ILih. — Colorado. 

Satykcs  CiiAROx,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  8oe.  1872. 
Hub. — Colorado. 

CiiRYSOPiiAXUS  SiRius,  Edwar<ls,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 
Hub. — Colorado. 

Thecla  Nixus,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  8oc.  1871. 
Hub. — Colorado. 

Tuecla  Autolycus,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 
llab. — Texas. 

TiiECLA  Alcestis,  Eilwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 
Hub. — Texa^:. 

Ly'C-EXA  Dauxia,  Edwi.rds,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1871. 
Hub. — ( ,'olorado. 

Lyc.exa  Alce,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Eni.  Soc.  1871, 
Hah. — Colorado. 

Lyc^xa  Ly'cea,  Edwards,  .t,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Fhii.  18G4;  5,  Trans.  Am.  Ent. 
Soc.  1871. 
Hub. — Colo'-ado. 

Lyc.exa  Rusti   •    Edwards,  "J,  Proo.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  18Go;  <?,  Trans.  Am.  Ent. 
Soc.  1871. 
Hub. — Colorado 

ERRATA. 

Argyxxts  Monno)7!a,  Bois.  18(19,  i-;  ^Tontivaga,  Bclir,  l8Go,  not  Ncnoqii Is,  Heak. 

Piiyciodes  Or.srt,  Bois.  18G9,  is  Moxtaxa,  Bohr,  18G3. 

CmoxoBAS  Stretchii,  Edwards,  1370,  is  Satyrus  Ridixgsii,  EdNv.  18G5. 

Lyc.exa   CUla,  Belir,  18G7,  is  Teilvma,  E  'akirt,  18GG. 

For  VicToRiXA  Sti".i,i:xi;s,  read  V.  Sti:xi:i.i:s. 

Argy'xxis  Astarte,  Doublcday,  is  bel'cved  not  to  be  a  IS'orth  American  species. 


SYNOPSIS   OP   NORTH    AMERICAN   BUTTERFLIES. 


61 


NOTES. 

In  preparing  the  Synopsis  manuscriiit  names  have  heen  omirted  and  names 
of  species  tliat  liave  heen  erroneously  credited  to  the  :N"orth  Americiin  fauna.  As 
respects  the  genera,  I  have  aimed  at  giving  those  willi  vvliicli  our  ]e2)idopterists  have 
now  for  several  years  been  familiar.  An  exception  was  necessary  in  case  of  the 
Hesperidse,  a  family  hitherto  greatly  neglected  and  in  which  material  had  accunui- 
lated  to  a  vast  extent,  rendering  revision  imperative.  Mr.  Scudder  has  for  some 
years  been  engaged  in  this  work,  and  his  recently  published  results  I  have  large- 
ly followed. 

Pages  1  to  (5,  10,  11  and  19,  have  been  reprinted  with  corrections  since  their 
origiual  issue. 

Papilio  Aliaska. — I  have  substituted  this  name  for  Mnchmn,  considerino-  the 
American  insect  to  be  sufficiently  distinct  from  the  European  to  entitle  it  to  a^spe- 
cific  name,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Scudder. 

Papilio  Calverleyh.— Tlie  individual  described  by  .Air.  Grote  was  a  male 
and  seemed  to  bo  a  vari(;ty  of  Adcrlas,  rather  because  of  its  similarity  of  siiaj)e, 
and  from  its  having  been  taken  wlierc  Asferim  was  a  common  specie;!,  and  from' 
(he  fact  that  in  so  well  worked  a  district  as  Western  Long  hsland  nothing  ap- 
proaching it  had  before  been  seen.  It  was  regarded  as  one  of  tliose  extremc*vari- 
ations  occasionally  seen  among  the  butterflies.  I  have  examined  the  fine  female 
taken  by  Mr.  Mead,  high  up  the  St.  John's  Iliver,  Florida,  and  ctTtainly  cannot 
nndertake  to  pronounce  it  a  variety.  It  is  as  distinct  in  all  res])ects  except  in  shape 
from  Aderias  as  is  Tuniiis.  If  it  is  a  mere  variety,  no  better  illus(ratit)n  of  the 
origin  of  a  S2)ecie3  is  needeil.  It  is  not  improbable^that  this  butterfly  is  common 
enough  in  southern  Florida,  which  is  a  terra  incognita  to  lepidopterists.  That  an 
individual  should  have  ])eou  fouiul  on  Long  Island  is  less  remarkable  when  we 
consider  how  many  strictly  southern  insects  and  birds  have  been  found  there 
while  unknown  upon  the  adjoining  main  land. 

Thecla  Liparops.— By  reference  ,o  the  original  nnpublislied  drawings  of 
Abbot,  in  the  British  Museum,  Mr.  ^<-udder  has  ascertained  that  this  species  was 
intended  by  Boisduval  and  Leconte  U  represent  the  butterfly  described  by  Ilari-is 
as  Strigosa.  How  utterly  unlike  the  latter  as  delineated  in  'this  Volume  a  glance 
will  show.  On  comparing  the  description  in  BoLsduval  and  Leconte  with  the 
insect,  and  then  with  their  plate,  it  is  evident  that  the  description  icas  not  drawn 
from  the  former,  but  from  the  plate,  which  is  so  wretched  an  attempt  at  copying 


* 


62 


SYNOPSIS  OF   NOETH   AMERiCAN   BUTTERFLIES. 


Abbot  that  nothing  less  direct  than  Mr,  Scudder's  statement  would  establish  the 
fact  that  it  was  intended  to  be  a  copy.  For  forty  years  the  species  has  puzzled 
lepidopterists,  nothing  like  that  plate  having  been  seen  in  nature.  It  seems  to  me 
beyond  doubt  in  such  case  that  no  right  can  attach  to  the  description  or  plate  in 
Boisduval  and  Leconte,  and  that  the  name  given  by  Harris  should  be  retained. 

Phyciodes  Ismeria. — The  case  of  this  species  is  parallel  to  that  of  Liparops, 
and  we  are  now  told  that  the  figures  in  Boisduval  and  Leconte  are  meant  to  repre- 
sent Carlota,  Reakirt.  These  figures  likewise  purport  to  be  coj^ies  from  Abbot,  but 
give  no  idea  whatever  of  the  butterfly.  The  description  is  made  up  in  same  man- 
ner as  that  of  Liparops,  and  on  same  grounds  I  think  the  name  Ismeria  should 
be  discarded  and  Carlota  retained. 

There  are  enumerated  in  the  Synopsis  509  species,  of  which,  previous  to  1852, 
137  were  known  to  belong  to  the  then  United  States  and  British  America.  Be- 
tween 1852  and  18G0,  61  species  were  added,  and  since  1860,  311. 


ii 


V; 


'-:n 


■  -■•'•3 


m 


